1. Page 1© Crown copyright 2005 SOP-0 AMMA/DABEX/DODO meeting with AMF, ESSC, Reading, 26 th August, 2005. Introduction/Science objectives Jim Haywood (BAe146) The core group members are: Jacques Pelon (F20 aircraft) Karine Desboeufs (surface stations) Paola Formenti (ATR-42) Ellie Highwood (DODO funding) Béatrice Marticorena (Modellling)

2. Page 2© Crown copyright 2005 Agenda of TT7 specific meetings  January 2005: FAAM/DFL recce Niamey.  April 2005: TT7 working group meeting, Paris.  July 2005: TT7 working group meeting, Leeds.  July 2005: TT7 logistic meeting, Cranfield.  August 2005: AOC/FAAM logistic meeting, Cranfield.  November 2005: FAAM/DFL/Met Office recce.  Jan/Feb 2006: TT7 SOP-0 operations, Niamey & Dakar.  April 2006: Debrief on SOP-0 activities.

3. Page 3© Crown copyright 2005 The seasonal cycle of fires shifts with the position of the ITCZ JanuaryFebruary December JulyAugust

4. Page 4© Crown copyright 2005 This is a unique area for investigating aerosols in December/January/February Fires Dust Smoke Niamey Base (DABEX/ AMMA) Dakar Base (DODO)

5. Page 5© Crown copyright 2005 Dust and Biomass Burning Experiment (DABEX, SOP-0) Objectives:  To provide high quality in-situ and remote sensing measurements of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol and combinations of the two.  To provide high quality spectral measurements of the effects of aerosol upon the radiation budget.  To determine the consistency of in- situ/satellite/surface based observations/retrievals  To better determine the source regions, source strengths and emission factors of aerosols/gases.  Improvement and validation of numerical models (global and regional, climate and NWP, dust forecasting models etc)

6. Page 6© Crown copyright 2005 The Met Office/NERC/FAAM aircraft

7. Page 7© Crown copyright 2005 Timetable now DODO is funded:- 3 rd -6 th January: Test flying in Cranfield 9 th January:Pack-up 10 th January:UK -> Niamey 11 th & 12 th January: Set-up 13 th Jan- 1 st Feb (20d):Operational flying (50h=10flights) 2 nd February:Pack-up 3 rd February (Fri):Niamey -> Dakar (science flight) 4 th & 5 th February:Set-up 6 th -15 th February (10d):Operational flying (30h=6 flights) 16 th February:Pack-up 17 th February:Dakar -> UK SOP-0: BAe146

8. Page 8© Crown copyright 2005 F20 (Jan/Feb 2006): 13 th JanuaryTransit to Niamey 14 th JanuarySet up 15 th Jan- 1 st Feb:Operational flying 2 nd February:Pack-up 3 rd February:Transit F20 & ATR-42 (Nov/Dec 2006): 23/24 Nov:Transit 25/26 Nov:Set-up 27 th Nov- 16 th Dec:Operational in Niamey 17 Dec:Pack-up 18/19Dec:Transit SOP-0: F20 & ATR42

9. 00/XXXX9 1. Instrumentation layout for BAe146: SOP-0

10. Page 10© Crown copyright 2005 SOP-0: BAe146 instrumentation (in-situ & remote sensing) Aerosol in situ measurements:  size distribution (wing-mounted PCASP, FSSP, SID; CVI, PCASP, VACC, PCASP)  aerosol chemistry (Aerodyne mass spectrometer, VACC, filter sampling)  aerosol scattering and back-scattering (3 channel TSI nephelometer)  aerosol absorption (PSAP)  hygroscopic growth (3 channel RH controlled TSI nephelometer)  total aerosol number (CNC)  cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCN)  Aerosol ice nucleation counter (INC)  Aerosol lidar (probably not) Radiation measurements:  solar irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.3-0.7  m, 0.3-3.0  m).  terrestrial irradiance (upper and lower pyrgeometers 3.0-30  m).  solar radiances (SWS instrument, sun-photometer)  terrestrial radiances (ARIES spectral interferometer). Gas phase measurements:  CO, O3, NOx, NMHCs, PAN Dropsonde system is also installed for T and RH.

11. Page 11© Crown copyright 2005 Equipment on the ATR-42 (SOP-0)

12. Page 12© Crown copyright 2005 Instrumentation on the F20 (SOP-0)

13. Page 13© Crown copyright 2005 Aircraft Flight patterns: Satellites F20 BAe146 ATR-42 AMF Surface sites CIMELS Free troposphere Overlying dust Underlying biomass burning aerosol

14. Page 14© Crown copyright 2005 Surface based instrumentation

15. Page 15© Crown copyright 2005 List of flights that should be performed: 1) Aircraft-aircraft intercomparison. 2) In-situ characterisation of biomass burning aerosol (aged plume). 3) In-situ characterisation of biomass burning aerosol (fresh plume). (emm factors) 4) In-situ characterisation of mineral dust aerosols (aged). 5) In-situ characterisation of mineral dust (fresh). 6) In-situ characterisation of mineral dust and biomass burning mixtures. 7) Radiative closure studies compared to CIMELS sun-photometers for different aerosol types. 8) Into- and down- sun runs using sun-photometer for satellite validation. 9) Land-surface characterisation of surface reflectance (raster pattern over AMF). 10) Land surface characterisation of surface emissivity (raster pattern over desert regions)

16. Page 16© Crown copyright 2005 SOP-0 flights BAeF20 1)Radiative closure flights32 2)N/S transects32 3)E/W transects21 4)Local BB sources2 5)Gulf of Gineau (refuel)21

17. Page 17© Crown copyright 2005 Radiative closure flights

18. Page 18© Crown copyright 2005 North/South Flights

19. Page 19© Crown copyright 2005 East/West Flights

20. Page 20© Crown copyright 2005 Biomass burning plumes Approximate time: 6x5min legs=30 mins Downwind shift =20mins Manoeuvres=10mins Total=60mins

21. Page 21© Crown copyright 2005 We’ve investigated whether the collapse of the black carbon chain structure is responsible for the change in  o : not sufficient to explain the differences -> more likely to be the condensation of VOC gases Abel et al., 2003 Courtesy of Peter Buseck Black carbon chains Filter substrate Gaps in filter substrate

22. Page 22© Crown copyright 2005 Looks abit like the Black Sea Flight in ADRIEX Niamey Cotonou Operating area 1)Science transit measuring the aerosol properties 2)Radiative closure work in operating region 3)Refuel at Cotonou 4)Radiative closure work in operating region 5)Science transit measuring the aerosol properties.

23. Page 23© Crown copyright 2005 Similar flights will be planned for the ATR-42 / F20 combination (Nov/Dec 2006)

24. Page 24© Crown copyright 2005 All flights will consider 1) Meteorological conditions (e.g. clear-skies, forecasts – products available via satcom, ACMAD, UK Met Office etc) 2) Aerosol conditions (e.g. dust/biomass burning, forecasts from Met Office and other models) 3) Satellite and CIMELS availability/ overpasses 4) Aircraft restrictions etc ….. To maximise the usefulness of the data.

25. Page 25© Crown copyright 2005 BAe146 will also be operating from Niamey 17 th July – 21 st August (PIs Doug Parker, Claire Reeves) The PIs should be made fully aware of the usefulness of additional 10-15minutes of flying before landing back at Niamey ….. BAe146 equipment will include aerosol instrumentation, and a very limited amount of radiation equipment. BBRs, SWS. What sort of flying would you like given that the primary objectives are not radiation. Profiles?- will show the aerosol profiles Raster patterns?- will allow surface reflectance studies ATR42 and F20 aircraft will also be flying …. possibilities of obtaining additional data from these aircraft instruments. THAT’S ALL FOR THE SOP2/3 stuff. SOP-2/3: BAe146

26. Page 26© Crown copyright 2005 Summary of the key time periods for collaborative aircraft measurements with AMF 13th Jan- 1st Feb:Operational flying (Niamey) 3rd February:Niamey -> Dakar (science flight) 6th -15th February:Operational flying (Dakar) 17th July – 21st August:Opertaional flying (Niamey) 23 rd August: Niamey -> Dakar (science flight) 25 th -30 th August:Operational flying (Dakar) 27th Nov- 16th Dec:Operational in (Niamey) (F20 & ATR42) German F20 aircraft will also be operating in Africa – I do not have finalised information on fit or flight plans, but likely based in Ougadougou, Burkina Fassau.