1. Notes: Ocean Currents If you missed this presentation, get a copy of the handout and then take notes on it as you view the presentation.

2. NOTES on handout: Ocean Currents See handout Bring notebook on Tuesday

3. 1. What two factors increase the density of water in the oceans and seas? A. Salinity (see beaker on shelf) freezing evaporation B. Cooling (why?) Molecules are closer

7. 2. What is super-cooled water, and what allows it to get so cold without freezing?

14. A. liquid water that is colder than the normal freezing point (32 F or O C) B. salt (dissolved in the water lowers the freezing point)

15. 3. What is a density current, and how do they benefit the deep... A. movement of heavy water toward the bottom B. these currents take oxygen to the depths

17. 4. Where in the oceans is the “heaviest” water found? Antarctic Bottom Water -1.9 C (28.5 F) and Salinity = 34.6 o / ooAntarctic Bottom Water Temperature = -1.9 C (28.5 F) and Salinity = 34.6 o / oo

18. 5. Speed of AABW is bout 1 meter/hour It shows density currents in the Atlantic. Differences in density.

20. 6. German U-Boat World War II

21. Strait of Gibraltar 1107 U-Boats 45,000 men 70 % died

22. Med. SeaAtlantic 62 tried, 9 sunk, 21 ruined, 32 succeeded.... None ever got out of the Med. Sea. Deep current is 1000 ft below... U-boats could go 700 ft max

24. 7. Who made the first chart of the Gulf Stream? Ben Franklin... noticed that mail ships took less time to go from the Colonies to England

26. 8. What three factors cause surface currents? A.Winds

28. 8. What three factors cause surface currents? A. Winds B. The position of land and the shape of the sea floor C. Coriolis Effect

29. Warm, surface current, 80 degrees F, 150 miles wide 1 mile deep, 60-100 miles/day, 9.

30. NYC London 8 degrees warmer in winter

31. 10. Why do surface currents generally flow clockwise (CW) in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise (CCW) in the south. The Earth is spinning - This causes the Coriolis Effect.

32. 11. What is “upwelling”, and how does it benefit the fishing industry? A. It is the movement of cold water to the surface B. It brings nutrients (fertilizer) that help algae grow... Fish eat algae.

34. 12. What drives upwelling? 8 F warmer 1.5 ft. higher

35. 13. What effect does El Nino have on the upwelling along the west coast of S. America? It makes the upwelling stop.