1. Database Programming Sections 9 – Constraints

2. Marge Hohly2 CONSTRAINT TYPES  NOT NULL Constraints  UNIQUE Constraints  PRIMARY KEY Constraints  FOREIGN KEY Constraints  CHECK Constraints

3. Marge Hohly3 Defining CONSTRAINTS  What are constraints? Database rules  Constraints always have a name Given by you/DBA when constraint is created (preferred method because names are meaningful) Given by the system when constraint is created (names are not meaningful)

4. Marge Hohly4 Defining CONSTRAINTS  Two Ways to Define Constraints during Table Creation Table-Level  NOT NULL cannot be defined at the table- level  If the word CONSTRAINT is used in the CREATE TABLE statement, the constraint must be given a name  Composite-key constraints must be defined at the table-level Column-Level  NOT NULL must be defined at the Column- Level

5. Column Level Constraint  Refers to a single column  CREATE TABLE clients (client_number NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT clients_client_num_pk PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR2(14) NOT NULL, last_name VARCHAR2(13));  Primary key defined at the column level  SYS_Cn (where n is a unique integer) NOT NULL constraint Marge Hohly5

6. Composite key constraint  Composite defined at Table level  CREATE TABLE clients ( client_number NUMBER(4) NOT NULL, first_name VARCHAR2(20), last_name VARCHAR2(20) phone VARCHAR2(20) email VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT clients_phone_email_uk UNIQUE (email,phone)); Marge Hohly6

7. 7 Defining CONSTRAINTS  Table-Level Constraints – at the bottom EXAMPLE: CREATE TABLE copy_employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), first_name VARCHAR2(20), job_id VARCHAR2(10), CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id), CONSTRAINT cemp_job_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(job_id) REFERENCES jobs(job_id), CONSTRAINT cemp_first_name_uk UNIQUE (first_name), CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_ck CHECK (employee_id<=999999)); Note: The words “Foreign Key” are Used at the table level

8. Marge Hohly8 NAMING at TABLE LEVEL  Constraint naming format table_col_type  CONSTRAINT constraint_name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT(column_name) CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id) CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_lname_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id,last_name )  CONSTRAINT constraint_name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT(column_name) REFERENCES othertablename(column_name) CONSTRAINT cemp_job_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(job_id) REFERENCES copy_jobs(job_id),

9. Marge Hohly9 NAMING at COLUMN LEVEL  Column-level assigning a Constraint Name:  System Named: column_name datatype() TYPE OF CONSTRAINT employee_id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY  User Named: column_name datatype() CONSTRAINT constraint name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT c2emp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY  Foreign Key: column_name datatype() CONSTRAINT constraint_name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT (column it is on) REFERENCES othertablename(column_name)

10. Marge Hohly10 Defining CONSTRAINTS  Column-Level constraints Example: CREATE TABLE copy2_employees( employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT c2emp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY, CONSTRAINT c2emp_emp_id_ck CHECK(employee_id<=999999), first_name VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT c2emp_first_name_nn NOT NULL, last_name VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT c2emp_last_name_nn NOT NULL, address VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT c2emp_address_ck NOT NULL, job_id VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT c2emp_job_id_fk REFERENCES copy_jobs(job_id));

11. NOT NULL Constraint  Requires that every row has a value for the NOT NULL column  Named with _nn suffix Marge Hohly11

12. UNIQUE constraint  No two rows have the same value  Every value in the column or set of columns (a composite key) are unique  Names with _uk as a suffix  If a composite unique key must be defined at Table-level  Column-level unique constraint is defined a column level Marge Hohly12

13. Primary Key Constraints  Primary key constraint is a column or set of columns that is uniquely identifies each row in a table  Must satisfy both conditions: No column that is part of the primary key can contain a null value. A table can have only one primary key.  Named with _pk suffix Marge Hohly13

14. Foreign Key(Referential Integrity) constraints  CREATE TABLE clients (client_number NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT clients_client_num_pk PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR2(14), last_name VARCHAR2(13), department_id VARCHAR2(4,0), CONSTRAINT clients_dept_id_fk FOREIGH KEY(department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id));  Names _fk suffix Marge Hohly14

15. Foreign Key syntax  Column-level song_id NUMBER(5) CONSTRAINT d_track_list_song_id_fk REFERENCES d_songs(id)  Table-level CONSTRAINT d_track_list_song_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(song_id) REFERENCES d_songs(id) Marge Hohly15

16. DELETE CASCADE option  Used when defining the foreign key enables the dependent rows in the child table to be deleted when a row in the parent table is deleted.  Without this you can not delete the parent record if there are any rows in the child table with the key value.  Use either on definition of FK ON DELETE CASCADE or ON DELETE SET NULL Marge Hohly16

17. ON DELETE CASCADE option  Column-level song_id NUMBER(5) CONSTRAINT d_track_list_song_id_fk REFERENCES d_songs(id) ON DELETE CASCADE  Table-level CONSTRAINT d_track_list_song_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(song_id) REFERENCES d_songs(id) ON DELETE CASCADE  Could use ON DELETE SET NULL also Marge Hohly17

18. CHECK constraints  Explicitly defines a condition that must be met  Condition must be either TRUE or unknown(due to a null)  May refer to values in any column in the table, but not columns in other tables Marge Hohly18

19. CHECK constraint Marge Hohly19

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22. Marge Hohly22 Adding Constraints AFTER Table is created:  First, create a table that does not already have constraints: CREATE TABLE copy3_employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), first_name VARCHAR2(20), last_name VARCHAR2(20), department_id NUMBER(4));

23. Marge Hohly23 Adding Constraints AFTER Table is created:  Secondly, add the constraints: ALTER TABLE copy3_employees ADD CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id); ALTER TABLE copy3_employees ADD CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(department_id) REFERENCES copy_departments(department_id);

24. Marge Hohly24 Adding Constraints AFTER Table is created:  NOTE!!! For NOT NULL constraints, use the MODIFY keyword in the ALTER TABLE statement instead of ADD ALTER TABLE copy3_employees MODIFY (first_name CONSTRAINT emp3_first_name_nn NOT NULL);  NOT NULL constraints can only be added if the column does not already contain null values

25. Marge Hohly25 Miscellaneous Constraint Information...  If the word CONSTRAINT is used in a CREATE TABLE statement, the constraint must be given a name  Constraints that contain more than one column are called composite key constraints and must be specified at the table level by placing a comma between the column names  There is no limit to the number of CHECK CONSTRAINTS that can be specified for a column

26. Marge Hohly26 Miscellaneous FK Constraints Information...  Another name for FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS is REFERENCIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS  When specifying FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS, the table that contains the PRIMARY KEY is called the PARENT TABLE. The table that contains the FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT is called the CHILD TABLE.

27. Marge Hohly27 DISABLING CONSTRAINTS  Constraints can be disabled Examples:  ALTER TABLE copy3_employees DISABLE CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk;  ALTER TABLE copy3_employees DISABLE CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk CASCADE; This will cause any FOREIGN KEY that references this primary key to also be disabled.

28. Marge Hohly28 ENABLING CONSTRAINTS  EXAMPLES: ALTER TABLE copy3_employees ENABLE CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk; Note: This does not enable the foreign key in the child tables

29. Marge Hohly29 DROPPING CONSTRAINTS  Examples : ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT TYPE (column_name)[CASCADE]; ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT name[CASCADE]; ALTER TABLE c_clients DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE;

30. Marge Hohly30 Viewing Constraint  Use the DESCRIBE command to confirm its existence.  DESCRIBE can only verify is the NOT NULL constraint.  NOT NULL constraint appears in the data dictionary as a CHECK constraint.  Use a query of the USER_CONSTRAINTS table to view all constraints on your table.  SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type FROM user_constraints WHERE TABLE_NAME ='table_name';  SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type FROM user_constraints WHERE TABLE_NAME ='COPY3_EMPLOYEES‘;

31. Marge Hohly31 QUERY THE DATA DICTIONARY SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type, table_name, status FROM user_constraints;  Types: P = Primary Key R = Foreign Key (Referential) C = Check (Includes NOT NULL) U = Unique

32. Marge Hohly32 Viewing Constraint  SELECT constraint_name, column_name FROM user_cons_columns WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';

33. Marge Hohly33 Viewing Constraints