1. Solar and Space Physics and the Vision for Space Exploration Understanding and Mitigating the Radiation Hazards of Space Travel: Progress and Future Needs Richard B. Setlow Senior Biophysicist Brookhaven National Laboratory setlow@bnl.gov

2. Some References 1. E.L. Alpen, (1998) RADIATION BIOPHYSICS, second edition, Academic Press, NY. 2. E.L. Alpen, et al. (1993) Tumorigenic Potential of High-Z, High-LET Charged-Particle Radiations. Radiat. Res. 136, 382-391. 3. M.J. Bissel, panel chair (1997) “Modeling Human Risk: Cell and Molecular Biology in Context” Laurence Berkley National Laboratory-40278. 4. F. Cucinotta, et al., (2002) “Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections for Exploratory Missions: Uncertainly Reduction and Mitigation”. NASA/ Technical Publication-2002- 21077 5. R.B. Setlow (1999) The U.S. National Research Council’s views of the radiation hazards in space. Mutat.Res. 430, 169-175. 6. R.B. Setlow (2003) The hazards of space travel. EMBO reports 4, 1013-1016

6. Values of LET for a Range of HZE Nuclei (From Reference 4, page 8) ________________________________________________________________ _ Particle Type LET (keV/µm) ____________________________________________ 60 Co 0.23

9. Modeling Human Risk: Cell & Molecular Biology in Context Report Number : LBNL-40278 June 1997 Mina J Bissel, Panel Chair Calculated Value Experimental Value

10. J.RADIAT.RES., 43: SUPPL.,S1-S6 (2002) How Do We Get from Cell and Animal Data to Risks for Humans from Space Radiations? J.F.DICELLO

11. Reference 2, p.385, 386, 388

12. Ion Energy LET (MeV/A) (keV/um) 60 Co-gam 0.23 Protons 250 0.4 Helium 228 1.6 Neon 670 25 Iron 600 193 Iron 350 253 Niobium 600 464

13. .1 1 10 100 1000 LET (keV/µm) Cross Section for Tumor Induction in Hardarian Gland in Mice Versus LET Reference 2, p.386 Cross Section ( µm 2 ) 100 10 1.1.01.001 Cobalt-60 ProtonsHelium Neon Iron-350 Iron-600 Niobium

15. Figure 3. Cumulative excess lifetime incidence of mammary tumours as a function of dose for the photon, proton and iron irradiated rats. At the higher doses, the likelihood of an animal surviving without at least one tumour, when the natural background rate is included, is approaching zero. Although the primary regions of interest for risk analysis are the lower dose regions, background rates and the shape of the response function at high doses was not known.

16. Induction of Apoptosis by Iron Nuclei or Gamma Rays RADIATION RESEARCH 164, in press (2005) Cytotoxic Effects of Low- and High-LET Radiation on Human Neuronal Progenitor Cells P. Guida, M. E. Vazquez and S. Otto

19. Features Beams of heavy ions extracted from the booster accelerator with masses and energies similar to the cosmic rays encountered in space: 1 billion electron volt (GeV)/nucleon iron-56 0.3GeV/nucleon gold-97 0.6GeV/nucleon silicon-28 1-GeV/nucleon protons 1-GeV/nucleon titanium 0.29-GeV/nucleon carbon a new 100-meter transport tunnel and beam line to deliver the beam to a 400 square-foot shielded target hall for NASA-funded space-effects experiments

20. SHIELDING

22. Figure 6. Effects of diets A, B, D and E on the total antioxidant levels in Sprague-Dawley rats irradiated with 1 GeV/n iron ions.

24. 1g ~0g

25. AN EXAMPLE OF A RECENT DETERMINATION OF RBEs THE EFFECTS OF HZEs ON THE INDUCTION OF GERM-CELL MUTATIONS

27. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2005) vol. 102, 6063-6067 Germ cell mutagenesis in medaka fish following exposures to high energy cosmic ray nuclei: a human model Atsuko Shimada*, Akihiro Shima †║, Kumie Nojima ‡, Yo Seino † and Richard Setlow §¶ *Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, † University of Tokyo, Department of Integrated Biosciences 102, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, ‡ International Space Radiation Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, § Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 Contributed by Richard Setlow ¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: setlow@bnl.gov Classification: Biological Sciences, Genetics

29. Dose Response Data sperm tids gonia

30. Table 3. Relative Biological Effectiveness (± SD) of HZE Nuclei Induction of Mutations in Sperm, Spermatids (tids) and Spermatogonia (gonia) 3.5 GeV 12 C 56 GeV 56 Fe sperm DL 1.32 ± 0.13 1.49 ±.020 TM 1.69 ± 0.29 1.89 ± 0.20 tids DL 1.54 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.23 TM 2.1 ± 0.5 2.94 ± 0.47 gonia DL 5.4 ± 1.0 6 ± 8 TM 1.0 ± 1.4 1.7 ± 1.2