1. FIST, Multi Media University Lecture 5 Stack (Array Implementation) Queue (Array Implementation )

2. FIST, Multi Media University Stack What is a Stack? 1) It is a data structure for storing some values 2) It is an ADT. 3) Implemented using Arrays or Linked List 4) used in Operating System and in System Programming

3. FIST, Multi Media University Stack How to Store and Retrieve from a Stack? 1) All Insertions ( Storing) and Deletions (Removing) of entries are made at one end called the TOP of Stack 2) Last item added to a stack (PUSH) is always the first that will be removed (POP) from the stack. 3) This property is called Last In First Out also known as LIFO 4) The operations are done with a single pointer to the top of list of elements. Operations...

4. FIST, Multi Media University Stack A B C D E TOP F G EG - Plates Books (LIFO)

5. FIST, Multi Media University Operations There are Four operations : 1) Push ( ) used to add the data at the top of the stack. Check whether the stack is full or not 2) Pop ( ) used to remove data at the top of the stack. Check whether the stack is empty or not 3) Empty ( ) Checks whether stack is empty, TOP = -1 4) Full ( ) checks whether stack is full, TOP = maxstacksize

6. FIST, Multi Media University Stack - implementation Uses ARRAY to represent a stack Class stack { private : int stackelement[10],TOP; public: stack( ) { top = -1} void push(int); int Pop( ); int Empty( ); int Full ( ); };

7. FIST, Multi Media University Stack How to Push? Void stack :: Push(int data2add) { if (!Full( ))Full { TOP++; Stackelement[TOP] = data2add; } else cout << “Stack is Full!!!”<<endl; }

8. FIST, Multi Media University Stack How to Pop? Int stack :: Pop( ) {int data2remove; if (!Empty( ))Empty { data2remove = Stackelement[TOP]; TOP--; return data2remove; } else{ cout << “Stack is Empty!!!”<<endl; return 0; }}

9. FIST, Multi Media University Stack How to check for full? Int Stack :: Full( ) { if (TOP==9) return 1; else return 0; }

10. FIST, Multi Media University Stack How to check for Empty? Int Stack :: Empty( ) { if (TOP== -1) return 1; else return 0; }

11. FIST, Multi Media University Stack Void main( ) { stack stackobj; stackobj.Push(23); stackobj.Push(46); stackobj.Push(37); stackobj.Push(10); stackobj.Push(55); cout << stackobj.Pop( ); } 23 37 46 10 55 10

12. FIST, Multi Media University Applications of Stack We shall see two applications of the stack 1) Use of Stacks in Function Calls 2) Palindrome Checking

13. FIST, Multi Media University Use of Stacks in Function Calls Whenever a function begins execution an ACTIVATION RECORD (Stack Frame) is created to store the current environment for that function which includes Parameters Caller’s state information Local variables Temporary storage This structure should LIFO because, when a function terminates, the function with which to resume execution is the last function whose activation record was saved.LIFO

14. FIST, Multi Media University Stack Function1 Function2 Function3 Function4 Activation Record Function1 Function2 Function3

15. FIST, Multi Media University Palindrome Checking What is a palindrome? A palindrome is a word/sentence that is the same if read both ways. You might have noticed that if you push some characters into a stack and pop them out, they will appear in reverse order. So Stacks are used for this purpose.

16. FIST, Multi Media University Palindrome  Here are some palindromes MALAYALAM (a south Indian language) RATS LIVE ON NO EVIL STAR DAD POP RADAR STEP ON NO PETS MADAM

17. FIST, Multi Media University implementation #include class ADTstack { char stack[10]; int topstack; public: ADTstack( ) {topstack = -1;}; int empty() {if (topstack == -1) return 1; else return 0;}; int full() {if (topstack == 9) return 1; else return 0;}; void push(char num) { if (!full()) { topstack++; stack[topstack] = num; } else cout<<" Stack is Full"<<endl; }

18. FIST, Multi Media University implementation char pop( ) { char num; if (!empty()) { num = stack[topstack]; topstack--; return num; } else {cout<<"Stack is Empty"<<endl; return '0';} } };

19. FIST, Multi Media University implementation void main() { ADTstack st; char str[10]; int palin, l,i; cout<<"type in a string to check if it is a palindrome"<<endl; cin>>str; l=strlen(str); if (l==1) {palin=1;} //all strings with 1 character are palindromes else {

20. FIST, Multi Media University implementation i=0; while(str[i]!='\0') //push the string into stack { st.push(str[i]); i++; } i=0; while(str[i]!='\0') //pop the string and compare with original {if (str[i]!=st.pop()) {palin=0;break;} i++; } }if (palin==0) cout<<"Not Palindrome"<<endl; else cout<<"Palindrome"<<endl; }

21. FIST, Multi Media University Queue What is a Queue? 1) It is a data structure for storing some values 2) It is an ADT. 3) Implemented using Arrays or Linked List

22. FIST, Multi Media University How to Store and Retrieve from a Queue? 1) A Data Structure in which all Additions to the list are made at one end, and all Deletions from the list are made at other end. 2) First item added to a queue (ADD) is always the first that will be removed (REMOVE) from the queue. 3) This property is called First In First Out also known as FIFO 4) It can be maintained with two pointers namely FRONT (REMOVE) and REAR ( ADD). Queue

23. FIST, Multi Media University Queue FrontRear EG - Bank Counter

24. FIST, Multi Media University Operations There are Four operations : 1) Addend ( ) used to add the data at the Tail of the Queue. Check whether the Queue is full or not 2) Serve ( ) used to remove data at the top of the stack. Check whether the Queue is empty or not 3) Empty ( ) Checks whether Queue is empty, Tail = -1 4) Full ( ) checks whether Queue is full, Tail = maxqueuesize

25. FIST, Multi Media University implementation Uses ARRAY to represent a Queue Class Queue { private : int Queueelement[4],Head,Tail; public: Queue( ) { Head =0 ; Tail = -1} void Addend(int); int Serve( ); int Empty( ); int Full ( ); };

26. FIST, Multi Media University implementation How to check for full? Int Queue :: Full( ) { if (Tail == 3) return 1; else return 0; }

27. FIST, Multi Media University implementation How to check for Empty? Int Queue :: Empty( ) { if (Tail == -1) return 1; else return 0; }

28. FIST, Multi Media University implementation How to Add? Void Queue :: Addend(int data2add) { if (!Full( )) { Tail++; Queueelement[Tail] = data2add; } else cout << “Queue is Full!!!”<<endl; }

29. FIST, Multi Media University implementation How to Delete? int Queue :: Serve( ) {int data2remove; if (!Empty( )) { data2remove = Queueelement[0]; for ( i =0;i<Tail;i++) Queueelement[i] = Queueelement[i+1] Tail--; return data2remove; } else{ cout << “Queue is Empty!!!”<<endl; return 0; }} Methods

30. FIST, Multi Media University implementation Void main( ) { Queue queueobj; queueobj.Addend(23); queueobj.Addend(46); queueobj.Addend(37); queueobj.Addend(10); queueobj.Addend(55); cout << queueobj.Serve(); } 2346371055 23 46

31. FIST, Multi Media University Serving Three Methods of Serving 1)increment head to 1 runs out of storage 2) when the first person has be served the remaining persons in the Queue shuffle forward one place. Can serve unlimited number of persons as long as the queue never exceeds the maximum size 3) Use cyclic queues One of the application of Queues is simulation

32. FIST, Multi Media University Lecture 6 Cyclic Queues

33. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queues What is a Cyclic Queue? we need to imagine that the array allocated to the queue is not linear but cyclic, i.e. that it forms a circle. EG: So that if for instance 10 elements are allocated to the queue with the element positions running from 0 to 9 then when the tail gets to position 9 the next element to be added can go to position 0 providing that position has already been “served” (vacant)..Thus the two problems of the queues are solved.

34. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queue Head Tail 012345 The following actions will cause the “head” and “tail” to move through the array as listed below: Example: Queue implemented using an array of size 6 with 4 data items inserted in to the queue

35. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queue ActionHeadTail 0 3 Delete 1 3 Insert 1 4 Delete 2 4 Insert 2 5 Insert 2 0 Delete 3 0 Delete 4 0 HeadTail 012345

36. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queue ActionHeadTail Insert 4 1 Delete 5 1 Insert 5 2 Delete 0 2 Note: A Cyclic queue will always be of fixed size (say n) and the size information must be available to update the pointers “head” and “tail”. HeadTail 012345

37. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queue The wrapping around can be achieved by updating the pointers as follows: Delete: head = (head+1) % n Insert: tail = (tail + 1) % n i.e., Whenever a pointer is incremented, take modulo n. The above operations is needed to check if the queue is empty or full.

38. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queue Consider when there is only one element in the queue In this case, both the pointers coincide (head == tail) The queue becomes empty when the element is deleted TailHead Head,Tail 012345012345 Only one element Queue Empty Queue

39. FIST, Multi Media University Cyclic Queue For an empty queue, we have the condition head = (tail + 1) % n The above condition is also satisfied when the queue is full We resolve the ambiguity between two cases if the condition head = (tail+1)% n is satisfied up on deleting an item from the queue, then queue is empty if the condition head = (tail + 1) % n is satisfied up on inserting an item in to the queue, then queue is full.

40. FIST, Multi Media University implementation How to Add? void Addend(int x) { if (!Full()) { tail=(tail+1)%MAX; a[tail]=x; count++; cout<<x<<" added to the queue"<<endl; } else cout<<"Full Queue"<<endl; }

41. FIST, Multi Media University implementation How to Delete? int Serve() { int x; if (!Empty()) { x=a[head]; head=(head+1)%MAX; count--; cout<<x<<" served from the queue"<<endl; return x; } else cout<<"Empty Queue"<<endl; }