1. Crisis & Absolutism in Europe World History MR. HEAPS

2. 2 Wars of Religion The Protestant Reformation had given birth to ___________, but by the mid 16 th century, ___________, which was based upon the doctrines of John Calvin, had become the chief Protestant religion in Europe. The Protestant Reformation had given birth to ___________, but by the mid 16 th century, ___________, which was based upon the doctrines of John Calvin, had become the chief Protestant religion in Europe. By 1560, Calvinism & Catholicism had become highly _________ religions. By 1560, Calvinism & Catholicism had become highly _________ religions. Both religions were aggressive, trying to win _______ and eliminate each other’s _____________. Both religions were aggressive, trying to win _______ and eliminate each other’s _____________. This struggle for the _______ and _________ of Europeans was the chief cause of religious wars in Europe during the 16 th Century. This struggle for the _______ and _________ of Europeans was the chief cause of religious wars in Europe during the 16 th Century. Lutheranism Calvinism militant converts authority heartsminds

3. 3 French Wars of Religion(1562-1598) These wars were also called the French ______ wars. These wars were also called the French ______ wars. France had long been a __________ nation. France had long been a __________ nation. French Kings had ____________ Protestants, but were unable to stop the spread of Protestantism. French Kings had ____________ Protestants, but were unable to stop the spread of Protestantism. 7% of the French population was made up of __________, who were French Protestants influenced by Calvinism 7% of the French population was made up of __________, who were French Protestants influenced by Calvinism These Huguenots, however made up _____ to _____ percent of the nobility, or the ________ class. These Huguenots, however made up _____ to _____ percent of the nobility, or the ________ class. civil Catholic persecuted Huguenots 40 50ruling

4. 4 French Civil Wars (Cont.) Many Huguenots were members of the House of __________, who were a family of rulers who long ruled the southern French Kingdom of Navarre. Many Huguenots were members of the House of __________, who were a family of rulers who long ruled the southern French Kingdom of Navarre. The House of Bourbon stood next to the _______ dynasty in the royal line of ____________. What do you think the religious preference of the Valois dynasty was? ___________ The House of Bourbon stood next to the _______ dynasty in the royal line of ____________. What do you think the religious preference of the Valois dynasty was? ___________ This great percentage of Huguenots in the House of Bourbon made the Protestants a threat to the ________ of France. This great percentage of Huguenots in the House of Bourbon made the Protestants a threat to the ________ of France. Bourbon Valois succession Catholicism crown

5. 5 French Civil Wars (Cont.) An extreme Catholic party called the _____- ___________ strongly opposed the Huguenots. To do so, they __________ & paid large armies. An extreme Catholic party called the _____- ___________ strongly opposed the Huguenots. To do so, they __________ & paid large armies. _________ wasn’t the only issue of the French Civil Wars. _________ wasn’t the only issue of the French Civil Wars. ________ & __________ who resisted the power of the French monarchy were willing to assist the nobles in ___________ the monarchy. ________ & __________ who resisted the power of the French monarchy were willing to assist the nobles in ___________ the monarchy. The fact that so many nobles were __________ created a strong opposition to the king. The fact that so many nobles were __________ created a strong opposition to the king. ultra Catholics recruited Religion Townsvillages weakening Huguenots

6. 6 Ending the French Civil Wars For _____ years, battles raged in France between the Catholic & Huguenot sides. For _____ years, battles raged in France between the Catholic & Huguenot sides. In 1589, ________ of __________, political leader of the Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. In 1589, ________ of __________, political leader of the Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. Henry realized that he would never be accepted as a ____________ king, so he converted to ____________. He realized that the only way France would find peace was if he were a ____________ Catholic King. Henry realized that he would never be accepted as a ____________ king, so he converted to ____________. He realized that the only way France would find peace was if he were a ____________ Catholic King. When Henry was crowned king, the ______ ended. When Henry was crowned king, the ______ ended. 30 HenryNavarre Protestant Catholicism tolerant wars

7. 7 The Edict of Nantes (1598) Prior to the crowning of Henry of Navarre, it was ________ for Huguenots to worship publicly. Prior to the crowning of Henry of Navarre, it was ________ for Huguenots to worship publicly. In 1598, as Henry IV of France, he issued the _________ of ________. In 1598, as Henry IV of France, he issued the _________ of ________. This edict established the following in France: This edict established the following in France: ____________ was the official religion of France. ____________ was the official religion of France. Huguenots could worship __________, could hold public _________, had the right to __________, and could attend public schools & _____________ in France. Huguenots could worship __________, could hold public _________, had the right to __________, and could attend public schools & _____________ in France. illegal EdictNantes Catholicism publicly officeassemble universities

8. 8 Phillip II: The Militant Catholic Phillip II of _______ was the son and heir of Charles V. Phillip II of _______ was the son and heir of Charles V. He was the greatest supporter of _________ Catholicism. He was the greatest supporter of _________ Catholicism. Phillip II, known as the “_________________,” led a Holy League to drive Turkish _________ invasions from Europe, and then he focused his efforts on the __________. Phillip II, known as the “_________________,” led a Holy League to drive Turkish _________ invasions from Europe, and then he focused his efforts on the __________. Spain militant Most Catholic King Muslims Protestants

9. 9 The Spanish Empire c. 1560 What difficulties must Phillip II have encountered trying to reign over such a vast empire? What difficulties must Phillip II have encountered trying to reign over such a vast empire? Communication, travel, enforcing laws, collecting taxes. Communication, travel, enforcing laws, collecting taxes.

10. 10 Phillip II: “Most Catholic King” Phillips first major goal was to ____________ lands that he had inherited from his father. Phillips first major goal was to ____________ lands that he had inherited from his father. Many of these lands had strong pockets of ____________ resistance within them. Many of these lands had strong pockets of ____________ resistance within them. These lands included Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, the Americas, & the ___________, which were named in his honor. These lands included Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, the Americas, & the ___________, which were named in his honor. Phillip insisted on strict ___________ to Catholicism and to the strong authority of his monarchy. Phillip insisted on strict ___________ to Catholicism and to the strong authority of his monarchy. consolidate Protestant Philippines conformity

11. 11 Phillip’s Holy Wars Phillip’s military power was found in his _______ _______, which was the most powerful and imposing navy of the 16 th century. Phillip’s military power was found in his _______ _______, which was the most powerful and imposing navy of the 16 th century. Armada – fleet of ________. Armada – fleet of ________. With this fleet of warships, Phillip was able to defeat the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece and halt ________ invasions into Europe. With this fleet of warships, Phillip was able to defeat the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece and halt ________ invasions into Europe. Spanish Armada Muslim warships

12. 12 Phillip’s Holy Wars (cont.) Phillip tried to crush Calvinism in the Spanish ____________ (modern day Netherlands & Belgium.) Phillip tried to crush Calvinism in the Spanish ____________ (modern day Netherlands & Belgium.) Violence erupted when Calvinist nobles began to destroy religious ________ in Catholic churches. Violence erupted when Calvinist nobles began to destroy religious ________ in Catholic churches. Phillip sent 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion. Dutch leader, ________________, Prince of Orange, offered great resistance to Phillip, which led to a 12 year struggle that ended in a ________. Phillip sent 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion. Dutch leader, ________________, Prince of Orange, offered great resistance to Phillip, which led to a 12 year struggle that ended in a ________. The Dutch provinces began to call themselves the ________________ of the Netherlands. The Dutch provinces began to call themselves the ________________ of the Netherlands. Netherlands statues William the Silent truce United Provinces

13. 13 Phillip’s Conflict with England During the reign of _______________, the small island kingdom of England became the leader of the ____________ nations of Europe. During the reign of _______________, the small island kingdom of England became the leader of the ____________ nations of Europe. Although the church of England under Elizabeth practiced ___________ Protestantism, Elizabeth had angered Phillip by _______ the Netherlands in their revolt against Spain. Although the church of England under Elizabeth practiced ___________ Protestantism, Elizabeth had angered Phillip by _______ the Netherlands in their revolt against Spain. Elizabeth had also angered Phillip by allowing English privateers like _______________ to seize and plunder Spanish ships sailing to & from the New World, stealing Spanish _______. Elizabeth had also angered Phillip by allowing English privateers like _______________ to seize and plunder Spanish ships sailing to & from the New World, stealing Spanish _______. Privateer - Privateer - Elizabeth Tudor Protestant moderate aiding Francis Drake gold A ship authorized by a gov’t to seize enemy ships. (Gov’t supported piracy.)

14. 14 Elizabeth I of England Daughter of ____________. Daughter of ____________. Ascended the throne upon the death of her half sister, Mary Tudor, also known as ________ Mary for he persecution and killing of hundreds of Protestants. Ascended the throne upon the death of her half sister, Mary Tudor, also known as ________ Mary for he persecution and killing of hundreds of Protestants. Elizabeth’s sister, Mary, had married ___________ of Spain. When Mary died, Phillip felt that he had rights to the throne of England. Elizabeth’s sister, Mary, had married ___________ of Spain. When Mary died, Phillip felt that he had rights to the throne of England. Henry VIII Bloody Phillip II

15. 15 Elizabeth’s England One of Elizabeth’s first actions was to repeal laws that favored ___________. One of Elizabeth’s first actions was to repeal laws that favored ___________. A new Act of ____________ named Elizabeth as the supreme governor of _________ & ________. A new Act of ____________ named Elizabeth as the supreme governor of _________ & ________. Approximately ______ of Elizabeth’s subjects were Catholics. How did she appease them? Approximately ______ of Elizabeth’s subjects were Catholics. How did she appease them? The Church of England under Elizabeth practiced __________ Protestantism which kept most people in England satisfied. The Church of England under Elizabeth practiced __________ Protestantism which kept most people in England satisfied. Catholics Supremacy churchstate moderate half

16. 16 Phillip’s Invasion of England Phillip’s decision to invade England was encouraged by the ________________ of Elizabeth by the Pope. Her ban from the Church made it necessary for practicing Catholics to ___________ or overthrow her monarchy. Phillip’s decision to invade England was encouraged by the ________________ of Elizabeth by the Pope. Her ban from the Church made it necessary for practicing Catholics to ___________ or overthrow her monarchy. The final motivation for Phillip to invade England came with the execution of Catholic _______________, Queen of Scots, who was heir to the English throne. The final motivation for Phillip to invade England came with the execution of Catholic _______________, Queen of Scots, who was heir to the English throne. Phillip’s advisers had _________ him that the people of England would rise against their queen. Phillip’s advisers had _________ him that the people of England would rise against their queen. He knew that a successful invasion of England would assure England’s return to _____________. He knew that a successful invasion of England would assure England’s return to _____________. excommunication assassinate Mary Stuart assured Catholicism

17. 17 Defeat of the Spanish Armada Phillip’s Armada set sail for England with less _______ & less _________ than he had planned. Phillip’s Armada set sail for England with less _______ & less _________ than he had planned. The Spanish ships faced opposition in the _______________ from the English navy along with aid from the _________ & fierce Channel winds. The Spanish ships faced opposition in the _______________ from the English navy along with aid from the _________ & fierce Channel winds. The Spanish Armada was defeated in the English Channel and headed northward around the coasts of __________ & __________ where it was pounded by fierce ________ which sank many Spanish ships. The Spanish Armada was defeated in the English Channel and headed northward around the coasts of __________ & __________ where it was pounded by fierce ________ which sank many Spanish ships. The defeat of the Spanish Armada meant England would remain a ___________ nation and would replace Spain as the dominant ______ power. The defeat of the Spanish Armada meant England would remain a ___________ nation and would replace Spain as the dominant ______ power. shipsmen English Channel Dutch ScotlandIreland storms Protestant sea

18. 18 Economic & Social Crises in Europe (1560-1650) One major economic problem in Europe at this time was ____________, or rising prices. One major economic problem in Europe at this time was ____________, or rising prices. Causes for this inflation included the following: Causes for this inflation included the following: The great influx of _______ & ________ from the Americas had caused prices to go up. The great influx of _______ & ________ from the Americas had caused prices to go up. A growing ____________ increased the demand for _______ & _________ driving up the prices for both. A growing ____________ increased the demand for _______ & _________ driving up the prices for both. inflation gold silver population landfood

19. 19 “Magic” Hysteria in Europe The belief in _________ had been part of traditional village culture for centuries. The belief in _________ had been part of traditional village culture for centuries. The hunt for __________ in Europe was eventually extended to concern about witchcraft. The hunt for __________ in Europe was eventually extended to concern about witchcraft. During the 16 th & 17 th centuries more than __________ people were charged and executed, being accused of witchcraft. During the 16 th & 17 th centuries more than __________ people were charged and executed, being accused of witchcraft. The ones most often accused were _________ people, usually _______ or without __________. More than 75% were _________, most of them being single, ___________, and over _____ years old. The ones most often accused were _________ people, usually _______ or without __________. More than 75% were _________, most of them being single, ___________, and over _____ years old. witchcraft heretics 100,000 common poorproperty women widowed50

20. 20 “The Last of the Religious Wars” By the 1600’s __________ had spread to many parts of Europe. By the 1600’s __________ had spread to many parts of Europe. Calvinism had not been recognized by the Peace of ___________ in 1555. Calvinism had not been recognized by the Peace of ___________ in 1555. Politics, territory, & the fight against the spread of Calvinism led to the ______________ war in 1618. Politics, territory, & the fight against the spread of Calvinism led to the ______________ war in 1618. Mostly fought on _________ soil, the Thirty Years’ War was the most ____________ conflict that Europeans had experienced. Mostly fought on _________ soil, the Thirty Years’ War was the most ____________ conflict that Europeans had experienced. The Peace of ____________ officially brought the war to an end in 1648. The Peace of ____________ officially brought the war to an end in 1648. Calvinism Augsburg Thirty Years’ German destructive Westphalia

21. 21 The Peace of Westphalia (1648) Stated that all German states, including ___________ ones, could determine their own religion. Stated that all German states, including ___________ ones, could determine their own religion. The more than ______ German states that had made up the Holy Roman Empire were now recognized as ____________ states. The more than ______ German states that had made up the Holy Roman Empire were now recognized as ____________ states. This brought an end to the ______________ Empire as a political entity. This brought an end to the ______________ Empire as a political entity. Calvinist 300 independent Holy Roman

22. 22 The Changing Face of War? (p218) Gunpowder was invented by the ____________. Gunpowder was invented by the ____________. The development of _________ during the 17 th century forever changed the face of war. The development of _________ during the 17 th century forever changed the face of war. How many shots per minute could a flintlock musket make?____ or _____ per minute. How many shots per minute could a flintlock musket make?____ or _____ per minute. What addition to the front of the musket made it even more deadly? What addition to the front of the musket made it even more deadly? The increased use of firearms, combined with a greater mobility on the battlefield demanded that armies be better _________ & _________. The increased use of firearms, combined with a greater mobility on the battlefield demanded that armies be better _________ & _________.

23. 23 Revolution in England The______ war in England was also known as the English Revolution. The______ war in England was also known as the English Revolution. At the core of this revolution was a struggle between ______ & ___________ to determine what role each should play in government. At the core of this revolution was a struggle between ______ & ___________ to determine what role each should play in government. The Magna Carta, signed at ____________ in 1215 had limited the ___________ power of the English king, King John, and established English Common Law. The Magna Carta, signed at ____________ in 1215 had limited the ___________ power of the English king, King John, and established English Common Law.Magna CartaMagna Carta Civil kingParliament Runnymede absolute

24. 24 The Stuarts & Divine Right With the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the __________ dynasty came to an end. With the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the __________ dynasty came to an end. The ________ line of rulers began with James I who believed in the _____________ of kings, or that kings received their power to rule from ______. The ________ line of rulers began with James I who believed in the _____________ of kings, or that kings received their power to rule from ______. On the way to his coronation, James I had a pickpocket sentenced to ________without a __________. This would be the start of conflict between ___________ & the Stuarts. On the way to his coronation, James I had a pickpocket sentenced to ________without a __________. This would be the start of conflict between ___________ & the Stuarts. Tudor Stuart Divine Right God deathtrial Parliament

25. 25 The Puritan Parliament _________ were Protestants in England inspired by Calvinism. _________ were Protestants in England inspired by Calvinism. Puritans wished to make the church more Protestants by ridding it of its Catholic ________. Puritans wished to make the church more Protestants by ridding it of its Catholic ________. Many of England’s ________ were Puritans and they formed an important part of the House of _________, the lower house of Parliament. Many of England’s ________ were Puritans and they formed an important part of the House of _________, the lower house of Parliament. When Charles I inherited the throne of England, he was not wise, as he often ____________ this powerful group of Puritans. When Charles I inherited the throne of England, he was not wise, as he often ____________ this powerful group of Puritans. Puritans rituals gentry Commons alienated

26. 26 Charles I Son of _________. Like his father he too believed in the ________ Right of Kings. Son of _________. Like his father he too believed in the ________ Right of Kings. Charles was known to call Parliament into session only if he needed _________ for war. Charles was known to call Parliament into session only if he needed _________ for war. He __________ Parliament and ruled England with absolutism for ____ years. He __________ Parliament and ruled England with absolutism for ____ years. Charles tried to impose more Catholic _________ on the Church of England. Charles tried to impose more Catholic _________ on the Church of England. His actions as king led England into a _______ war. His actions as king led England into a _______ war. James I Divine money dissolved 10 rituals civil

27. 27 English Civil War Supporters of the King were called __________ or Cavaliers. Supporters of the King were called __________ or Cavaliers. Supporters of Parliament were mostly Puritans called _____________. Royalists Roundheads

28. 28 Oliver Cromwell & The Rump Parliament Leader of _______________ forces (Roundheads) during the English Civil War. Leader of _______________ forces (Roundheads) during the English Civil War.English Civil WarEnglish Civil War His _____________ Army, made up mostly of _________, were highly trained & disciplined in new military tactics of the 17 th century. His _____________ Army, made up mostly of _________, were highly trained & disciplined in new military tactics of the 17 th century. He ________ Parliament of members who were not supportive of him. He ________ Parliament of members who were not supportive of him. What was left of Parliament was called the _______ Parliament. What was left of Parliament was called the _______ Parliament. Parliamentary New Model Puritans purged Rump

29. 29 Military Dictator & Lord Protector of England With control of the Rump Parliament, Cromwell had Charles I _________ on Jan. 30, 1649. With control of the Rump Parliament, Cromwell had Charles I _________ on Jan. 30, 1649. Parliament abolished the __________ & House of ______ and declared England a republic, or ______________. Parliament abolished the __________ & House of ______ and declared England a republic, or ______________. Eventually, Cromwell dispersed Parliament by force and established a military _____________ calling himself _______________ of England until his death 10 years later. Eventually, Cromwell dispersed Parliament by force and established a military _____________ calling himself _______________ of England until his death 10 years later. beheaded monarchyLords commonwealth dictatorship “Lord Protector”

30. 30 The Restoration About one year after Cromwell died, Parliament restored the monarchy with ___________. About one year after Cromwell died, Parliament restored the monarchy with ___________. Charles II was sympathetic to Catholicism and his brother James, heir to the throne, did not hide the fact that he was a ___________. Charles II was sympathetic to Catholicism and his brother James, heir to the throne, did not hide the fact that he was a ___________. Suspicious of their Catholic leanings, Parliament introduced the ___________ Bill, which would have barred any Catholic from the throne. Suspicious of their Catholic leanings, Parliament introduced the ___________ Bill, which would have barred any Catholic from the throne. Charles II Catholic Exclusion

31. 31 The World’s First Political Parties Whigs Whigs Wanted to _________ James II from the line of succession in England because he was __________. Wanted to _________ James II from the line of succession in England because he was __________. Tories Did not want to _________ with the principle of lawful ___________ to the throne of England. exclude Catholic interfere succession

32. 32 James II The Exclusion Bill was spoiled by Charles II as he dismissed ____________. The Exclusion Bill was spoiled by Charles II as he dismissed ____________. _________, brother of Charles II, became king of England and was a ________ Catholic. _________, brother of Charles II, became king of England and was a ________ Catholic. James II named Catholics to high positions in the ___________, army, _______, & universities. James II named Catholics to high positions in the ___________, army, _______, & universities. Due to the fact that James II was an older man, and his successors were his ____________ daughters, Parliament did not rebel against him. Due to the fact that James II was an older man, and his successors were his ____________ daughters, Parliament did not rebel against him. Parliament James II devout government navy Protestant

33. 33 The Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution When James II had a ______ with his second wife in 1688, the possibility of a Catholic _________ seemed likely to Parliament. When James II had a ______ with his second wife in 1688, the possibility of a Catholic _________ seemed likely to Parliament. A group of English nobles in Parliament invited the _______ leader, __________ of Orange, and his wife Mary (daughter of James II), to invade England. A group of English nobles in Parliament invited the _______ leader, __________ of Orange, and his wife Mary (daughter of James II), to invade England. When the army of William & Mary arrived in England, James fled to ________ with his wife & son. With no battles and no bloodshed, England had undergone a ____________ Revolution. When the army of William & Mary arrived in England, James fled to ________ with his wife & son. With no battles and no bloodshed, England had undergone a ____________ Revolution. son monarchy DutchWilliam France Glorious

34. 34 The English Bill of Rights In January of 1689, Parliament offered the throne to ______________. In January of 1689, Parliament offered the throne to ______________. Before they could accept the throne, the had to sign a “Declaration of Rights” also known as the English ______________. Before they could accept the throne, the had to sign a “Declaration of Rights” also known as the English ______________. English Bill of Rights: Parliament can make _______ & levy ________. Standing armies can be raised only with Parliament’s __________. Citizens have the right to bear ________ and the right to a trial by ________. This bill laid the foundation for a limited or _____________ monarchy. William & Mary Bill of Rights lawstaxes consent arms jury constitutional

35. 35 X X

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37. 37 X X

38. 38 X X

39. 39 X X

40. 40 X X