1. Research ethics

2. Outlines Ethics and Research Process Ethical Principles
Specific Ethical Problems
Protection of Privacy

3. Ethics and Research Process
Most mass media research involves observations of human beings-asking them questions or examining what they have done.
However, in this probing process the researcher must ensure that the rights of the participations are not violated.
This concern for rights requires a consideration of ethics.
Ethical behavior is the right thing to do.

4. Ethical principles

5. Ethical Principles
Autonomy (self-determination): respects the rights, values, and decisions of other people.
Use Informed Consent

6. Ethical Principles (contd.)
2. Nonmaleficence: it is wrong to intentionally inflict harm on another.
3. Beneficence: Stipulates positive obligation to remove existing harms and to confer benefits on others.
The researcher must weigh the harmful risks of research against its possible benefits.

7. Ethical Principles (contd.)
4. Justice: Holds that people are equal in relevant respects.
EX. It would be unethical to deny the benefit of a new teaching procedure to children because they were originally chosen to be in the control group…

8. Situations involving Ethics
A researcher creates a false identity on Facebook and uses it to gather information about the communication behaviors of dozens of college students without the students’ knowledge.
A researcher shows one group of children a violent television show and another group a nonviolent program. Afterward, the children are sent to the public playground, where they are told to play with the children who are already there. The researcher records each instance of violent behavior exhibited by the young subjects.

9. Moral Principles for Researchers (Frey, Botan, and Kreps, 2000)
1. Provide the people being studied with free choice.
2. Protect their right to privacy.
3. Benefit them, not harm them.
4. Treat them with respect.

10. Specific ethical problems

11. Voluntary Participation and Informed Consent
Voluntary Participation: Researchers should not attempt to induce (force) subjects to participate by misrepresenting the organization sponsoring the research or by exaggerating its purpose or importance.
EX. Telephone interviewers should not be instructed to identify themselves as representatives of the “ Department of Information” to mislead people into thinking the survey is government-sponsored.
Informed Consent: subjects need to know enough about the project to make an intelligent choice. Researchers have the responsibility to inform subjects of all features of the project that can be expected to influence participation.
EX. They should know how long it takes for an interview. They should know if a second interview is required.

12. Example of a Typical Consent Form

13. Concealment and Deception
Concealment: withholding certain information from the subjects
Deception: deliberately providing false information.
Concealment and deception are encountered most frequently in experimental research.

14. Protection of privacy

15. Protection of Privacy
The problem of protecting the privacy of participants arises more often in field observation and survey research than in laboratory studies.
Is it ethical, for a researcher to eavesdrop on people’s dinner conversations to determine how often the news topics are discussed.

16. Protection of Privacy
Anonymity: a guarantee that a given respondent cannot possibly be linked to any particular response.
Confidentiality: respondents should be assured that even though they can be identified as individuals, their names will never be publicly associated with the information they provide.
A researcher should never use anonymous in a way that is or seems to be synonymous with confidential.

17. Reference
Wimmer, R. & Dominick, J. (2011). Mass Media Research: An Introduction (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.

18. Qualitative Research paper 5%
Each group prepare a presentation on the summary of ONE qualitative research paper in the area of communication based on the following topics:
Methodology ( participants (what type of sampling?, materials, procedure, etc.)
Results
Presentation Date and submission:
Section 404: 30 March 2015 (10:30-13:30 hrs.)
Section 405: 30 March 2015 (13:30-16:30hrs.)

19. Thank you for your attention