1. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain CorporationSlide 1 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Applications for Active RFID Systems] Date Submitted: [9 March, 2009] Source: [Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser] Company [Time Domain Corporation] Address [330 Wynn Drive, Suite 300, Huntsville, AL, 35805, USA] Voice:[+1 256 922 9229], FAX: [+1 256 922 0387], E-Mail:[rachel.reinhardt@timedomain.com, paul.smelser@timedomain.com] Re: [Response to IEEE P802.15.4f Active RFID System Call For Applications document number IEEE P802.15-09/0059r2] Abstract:[Description of applications for Active RFID systems] Purpose:[This document defines applications of Active RFID in demand from end users and forms an input to the formal requirements for IEEEP802.15.4f in order to specify and later ratify a standard which will fulfill important market needs and promote widespread technology adoption.] Notice:This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release:The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

2. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 2 Applications for Active RFID Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser Time Domain Corporation March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

3. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 3 What is Active RFID? First and foremost, Active RFID is a technology for tagging people, animals or objects with a self-powered tag for the purpose of transmitting a unique ID across extended ranges  “What am I?” The majority of Active RFID applications also require precise tag location  “Where am I?” Some applications also require low rate communications to and from the tag  “How am I?” March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

4. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 4 What is Active RFID Not? Passive RFID, with tags costing 20c or less Battery Assisted Passive RFID, in which a small battery provides an extra boost to a passive tag to increase range A communications network –Mesh network –Body area network –Personal area network –Local area network March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

5. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission The Standard Setting Process Slide 5 Markets Use Cases Features Requirements March, 2009 Standard Development Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

6. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 6 Markets Use Cases Features Requirements March, 2009 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

7. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 7 Market Segments Adopting Active RFID Significant adoption –Manufacturing –Retail –Healthcare Emerging Adoption –Corrections –Simulation and Training –Childcare –Animal husbandry March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation –Sporting Events –Transportation –Supply Chain –Entertainment Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

8. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 8 Markets Use Cases Features Requirements March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

9. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 9 Use Case Analysis There are too many markets to describe in detail, but use cases fall into several key categories across all markets Use case categories –Business automation and optimization –Safety –Security –Statistics and monitoring –Immersive Environments March, 2009 Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f

10. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Business Automation & Optimization A Manufacturing Example March, 2009 Slide 10 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 WIP Parts Operator Tool Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

11. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Business Automation & Optimization A Manufacturing Example March, 2009 Slide 11 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality  Location accuracy High tag ping rate  High tag capacity Tag call button  Communications to tag  Communications from tag  People/Objects Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

12. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Business Automation & Optimization A Healthcare Example March, 2009 Slide 12 Device associated with patient based on location Patient-Device association enables automatic collection of medical data Automatic billing for use of device Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

13. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Business Automation & Optimization A Healthcare Example March, 2009 Slide 13 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality  Location accuracy High tag ping rate  High tag capacity Tag call button  Communications to tag Communications from tag Patient = disposable Device/Patient Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

14. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Business Automation & Optimization A Supply Chain Example March, 2009 Slide 14 Portal monitoring for accountability Area monitoring for inventory 2D tracking for put-away and safety Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

15. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Business Automation & Optimization A Supply Chain Example March, 2009 Slide 15 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality Location accuracy High tag ping rate High tag capacity Tag call button  Communications to tag  Communications from tag  Items/Forklift Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation Items/Forklift

16. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Safety Systems A Manufacturing Example March, 2009 Slide 16 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

17. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Safety Systems A Manufacturing Example March, 2009 Slide 17 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality  Location accuracy High tag ping rate High tag capacity  Tag call button Communications to tag  Communications from tag  Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

18. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Safety Systems A Childcare Example March, 2009 Slide 18 NurseryActivity Room Playground Reception Area Annie leaving through reception area All infants present in nursery Johnny alone in activity room Second supervisor required in play area Warning: too many children near swing set Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

19. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Safety Systems A Childcare Example March, 2009 Slide 19 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality Location accuracy High tag ping rate  High tag capacity  Tag call button  Communications to tag  Communications from tag  Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

20. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Security Systems / Loss Prevention An Office Example March, 2009 Slide 20 Company owned item being loaded into customer shipment in shipping and receiving Security tag recognizes tamper activity Unauthorized removal of company owned item to front lobby Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

21. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Security Systems An Office Example March, 2009 Slide 21 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality  Location accuracy High tag ping rate  High tag capacity Tag call button  Communications to tag  Communications from tag  Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

22. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Statistics and Monitoring Systems A Retail Example Analytics –Promotion evaluation –Store layout optimization Marketing and customer experience –Store navigation –Real time coupons March, 2009 Slide 22 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

23. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Use Cases: Statistics and Monitoring Systems A Retail Example March, 2009 Slide 23 Critical FunctionalityY/N Small, cheap, low power consumption tag ID only functionality  Location accuracy High tag ping rate High tag capacity  Tag call button  Communications to tag  Communications from tag  Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

24. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 24 Markets Use Cases Features Requirements March, 2009 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

25. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Global Features for All Markets and Use Cases Every customer wants the tag to be –As cheap as possible –As long lasting as possible (battery) –As small as possible Additionally, the full system is always required to be –Low total cost of ownership –Low maintenance –Highly reliable –Scalable –Upgradeable March, 2009 Slide 25 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

26. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Tag Cost The perfect tag is free! The next best tag is disposable Customers will not pay more for a tag with unwanted features, for example: –‘If I only need the tag to last 30 days (disposable) then I don’t want to pay for a 10 year battery’ –‘If I don’t need a push button and LED indicator on the tag, I want a plain, no-frills active tag’ –‘If I don’t want to talk to the tag, I want a cheaper, transmit-only tag’ March, 2009 Slide 26 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

27. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Tag Power Consumption The perfect tag lasts forever! The next best tag has a life of at least 4+ years (preferably longer) However, some applications require only short duration tags –E.g. disposable patient tags –Drives desire for thin film batteries, with very low capacity Energy harvesting systems are also desirable for future tags March, 2009 Slide 27 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

28. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Tag Size The perfect tag is smaller than a speck of dust! Many applications drive very small tags –Infant or elderly patient tags –Tags for clothing –Tags for tools –Etc. Just like cost and power consumption, tag size cannot be compromised by unneeded functionality March, 2009 Slide 28 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

29. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Active RFID System Total Cost of Ownership Total cost of ownership is much more than reader price –Cost of readers –Number of readers required –Ease/cost of installation –Ease/cost of set up –Maintenance –Reliability Minimizing TCO drives complex calculation –Longer range is not necessarily cheaper if the readers are expensive –Cheap, shorter range readers are not necessarily better if the installation cost is high March, 2009 Slide 29 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

30. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Active RFID System Scalability Scalability has four forms –The ability to track a large number of tags –The ability to add layers of capability –The ability to enable multiple applications –The ability to expand and upgrade the system over time March, 2009 Slide 30 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

31. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission System Scalability – Many Tags Small or large installations may have many thousands of tags Tags may be operating at slow update rates (for assets) to very high update rates (for safety systems) This means that tag capacity (tags per second) is a very important parameter March, 2009 Slide 31 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

32. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission System Scalability – Layers of Capability Applications require varying levels capability These range through various levels –Transmit-only tags for proximity, location and accountability –Transmit-only tags with very small data payloads (e.g. push button, temperature) –Location tags with a control link to the tag (e.g. mode setting, regulatory compliance) –Location tags with two way low-rate communications (command/control for attached devices, sensor data etc.) March, 2009 Slide 32 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

33. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission System Scalability – Multiple Applications A single system might have one or many operating modes: –Wide area proximity detection for tag counting –Choke point proximity detection for portal monitoring –1D tracking for linear applications (e.g. production line) –2D tracking –3D tracking All modes must be supported and must be interoperable March, 2009 Slide 33 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

34. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission System Scalability – Upgrade/Expand This is a combination of all the scalability features Just as a system may span many applications over a wide area, so a user may add applications over time An active RFID must be easy and cheap to install for a single application in a very small area, and have the capability to grow into many applications over a very wide area March, 2009 Slide 34 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

35. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 35 Markets Use Cases Features Requirements March, 2009 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

36. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Requirements Guidance – Mandatory Modes Mandatory modes should enable the minimum functionality (transmit-only active RFID) so as not to compromise –Price –Size –Power consumption –Tag capacity Mandatory modes should ensure interoperability between vendors, but not constrain present or future receiver technologies and implementations March, 2009 Slide 36 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

37. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Requirements Guidance – Optional Modes March, 2009 Slide 37 Optional modes should add value for the subset of applications that require more than basic functionality –Very low rate data from the tag Push button, etc. –Very low rate data to the tag Visual/audible indicator Mode setting (e.g. ping rate) Regulatory compliance, etc –Low rate two way data Command and control Sensor data Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

38. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Requirements Guidance – Performance Parameters Performance parameters should reflect real world requirements. Questions to consider: –What location accuracy is required to enable these applications? –How best to minimize TCO, understanding that range of operation is just one input? –What are realistic numbers for tag density (# tags in one place) and total tag capacity (total tags in system)? –What kind of sensor data is likely to be included? Do we really need to stream video? (!) March, 2009 Slide 38 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

39. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Requirements Guidance – Key Performance Parameters Key Performance Parameters (KPPs) should be set KPPs are those 3 or 4 requirements that, if not achieved, would signify a standard of little practical value. Some KPP examples –Tag power consumption in mandatory mode –Location accuracy –Worldwide regulatory compliance March, 2009 Slide 39 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

40. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Requirements Guidance – Active RFID System Considerations Interoperability is paramount – Systems will be deployed in safety of life applications and a Wi-Fi network (for example) should not bring it down. Security – How much is required if no data association occurs until it reaches a central server? Network – How much overhead do we need to endure for the simplest applications? FEC – How many electrons so I want to use up with fancy encoders when I have to send another packet anyway for location purposes? March, 2009 Slide 40 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation

41. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission Slide 41 Markets Use Cases Features Requirements Standard Development March, 2009 Doc.: IEEE 802.15-09-0174-00-004f Rachel Reinhardt, Paul Smelser, Time Domain Corporation