1. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Anti-Catholicism Native born hostilities against Irish often took the form of anti-Catholicism Occurring since Puritan days 1825 – 1850 saw an upsurge in Anti- Catholic feelings A Plea for the West, Protestant Lyman Beecher warned of Catholic plot to send large enough numbers west to control the area.

2. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Anti-Catholicism Maria Monk – Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery in Montreal 1840’s saw the formation of (anti- immigration) societies American Republicans United Order of Americans  Some secret or semi secret

3. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Anti-Catholicism/Nativists Order of the Star Spangled Banner, evolved in 1854 into the “Know – Nothings,” or American, party This party became a major political force in the 1850’s

4. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Anti-Catholicism/Nativists 1840’s most societies only fought battles such as which book Catholic students should use for scripture readings, Douay or the Protestant King James version. Protestant mobs descended on Catholic neighborhoods in the “Bible Riots” 30 buildings burned and 16 people dead

5. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Anti-Catholicism/Nativists Protestants felt more democratic – each persons ability to interpret the Bible on their own. Catholicism made doctrine the province of the pope or bishop Panic of 1837 had lowered wages. Immigrants who were willing to work for almost nothing were a threat to their jobs.

6. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Land Reformers Agitators began to advocate land reform as a solution t economic problems 1844 George Henry Evans organized the National Reform Association - slogan, “Vote Yourself a Farm”. Evans advocated neo-Jeffersonian plans for the establishment of “rural republican townships” 160-acre plots for workers.  Supported by artisans – preferred “agrarian” notions to industrial order

7. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Land reformers workers engaging in wage labor abandoned any hope of achieving economic independence. Appealed to radical, educated workers, artisans who were threatened by industry

8. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Land Reformers Lack of land reform left Labor Unions appealing to workers Some believed they could gain more by unions and strikes than by plowing and planting. Commonwealth v. Hunt ( 1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that labor unions were not illegal monopolies that restrained trade. (less than 1% of workers were unionized therefore had little impact)

9. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest  Land Reformers differences between native born and immigrant would eventually become intertwined with the political divisions of the second party system