1. The Vast World Ocean 14.1

2. Origin of the Oceans The earth is 4.6 billion years old The water that created the oceans came from: –Comets and meteorites: carry lots of water, which transferred to Earth upon impact –Volcanism: volcanic gas has mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide The CO 2 and other gases formed the Earth’s atmosphere As the Earth cooled, the water vapor condensed, forming the oceans

3. The Blue Planet Earth is known as the “Blue Planet” because ~71% of it is covered by oceans –Average depth of the oceans: 3800 m (3.8 km) –Most of the water is found in the southern hemisphere –All oceans are really one big body of water –97% of the water on earth is found in the oceans; only 3% is freshwater –Oceanography: study of Earth’s oceans

4. The Blue Planet cont… Sea level: level of the ocean’s surfaces –Sea level has risen and fallen by hundreds of meters due to the… Ice caps melting (H 2 0 level rises) and glaciers expanding (H 2 0 level falls) –Sea level is also affected by tectonics TECTONICS = movement of Earth’s landmasses Tectonics can change the level of the seafloor, thus changing sea levels –Currently, sea level is rising 1-2 mm/year due to melting glaciers

5. Geography of the Oceans There are 5 major Oceans: –Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic –Largest: Pacific, Smallest: Arctic Sea ice: ice is less dense than water, so it floats SEAS = smalller than oceans, and partially or fully landlocked –All seas and oceans belong to one global ocean, whose waters are thoroughly mixed

6. Mapping the Ocean Floor The topography of the ocean floor is as diverse as that of the continents Bathymetry = measurement of the ocean floor (bathos = depth, metry = measurement) Began with the ship “Challenger” in the 1870’s –Although today’s technology is much more sophisticated!!!

7. Mapping the Ocean Floor cont… SONAR was first used in the 1920’s to map the seafloor features of the S. Atlantic ocean SONAR = SOund NAvigation and Ranging –Uses echoes of sound, return time, and velocity of sound in water to measure depth –Velocity of sound in water = 1500 m/s

8. SONAR –Equation: (Time for echo return) x (Velocity of sound in water) /2 Problem: It takes 4 seconds for an echo to return. How deep is the ocean? (4 s x 1500m/s)/2 = 3000 meters

9. Mapping the Ocean Floor cont… –SIDE-SCANSONAR = aim SONAR at angles –It is used to map underwater hills, trenches, ridges, etc… Satellites continually gather information about the ocean floor –Data has shown that the ocean surface is not totally flat... –Why?? Gravity attracts water toward regions where massive ocean floor features occur. Mountains/Ridges have elevated water. Trenches have depressions

10. Side Scanning SONAR

11. Submersibles Submersibles (small underwater crafts) give us much data –Manned crafts: Trieste- Jacques Piccard (1960) –went to Mariana Trench (10,912 m) – deepest trench in the world Alvin- 4000 mAlvin Sea Cliff II- 6000 m –Unmanned crafts: –called AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles)