1. “a place for everything and everything in its place.”

2.  October 14, 1066 - William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England – last Anglo- Saxon king William:  Illegitimate son of previous duke of Normandy  Cousin to Edward the Confessor - previous childless king of England  Edward promised him he could be king

3.  William crossed the English Channel to take his kingdom  Preserved the culture  Domesday Book – taxed people based on what they owned  Anglo – Norman culture – mainstream European culture  Divided English holdings among followers  New social system - feudalism

5.  Increasing violence and lawless countryside  Weak turn to the strong for protection, strong want something from the weak  Feudalism= relationship between those ranked in a chain of association (kings, vassals, lords, knights, serfs)  Feudalism worked because of the notion of mutual obligation, or voluntary co-operation from serf to noble  A man’s word was the cornerstone of social life - loyalty

6.  Caste system  Property system  Military system  Based on religious concept of hierarchy – God supreme overlord  “divine right” of kings  Sense of form and manners permeated the life, art, and literature

8.  All males above the class of serf became warriors  Boys sent away to be trained  Completion of training – dubbed – called “sir”  Full rights of the warrior caste  Grounded in loyalty and strict social codes  Code of honor – very strict

9.  No political rights  Standing depends on husband’s or father’s status  Peasant women – childbearing, housework, hard fieldwork  Ladies – childbearing, housework supervision, manage the estate

10.  Idealized attitude toward women  New form of literature – romance  System of ideals & social codes ruling the behavior of knights and gentle women  Courtly love – nonsexual  Knight – wear his lady’s colors in battle; glorify her in words; be inspired; lady remained pure and out of reach

11.  People moved to towns and cities  Lived and worked outside the feudal system  New classes: low, middle, upper- middle  Chaucer’s characters typify this change  “people’s art”  Mystery and miracle plays

12.  The Crusades (1095 – 1270) - Christians against Muslims for the Holy Land -Europeans benefit from contact with the East - Eastern mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and crafts - responsible for changes in literature – Canterbury Tales

13.  Murder in the Cathedral - Weakened the power of the king - Strengthened the power of the Pope - King Henry II was angry with Thomas a’ Becket - Mistakenly 3 knights thought the king wanted him dead - So they killed him

14.  The Magna Carta - 1215 - signed at Runnymede by King John - reduced papal power -basis for English constitutional law - trial by jury and legislative taxation

15.  The Hundred Years’ War (1337- 1453) - between England and France - yeomen replaced knights as England’s army – using the longbow - emergence of the yeoman class – democratic England - ideals of chivalry died - England lost the war

16.  The Black Death - 1348 -1349 - reduced population by 1/3 - labor shortage - serfs’ freedom - end of feudalism

19.  Norman Conquest brought England into the mainstream of European civilization  Feudal system centralized military, political, and economic power in the Crown  The Roman Church crossed national boundaries and fostered cultural unity across Europe  Towns and cities freed people to pursue their own commercial and artistic interests  The Magna Carta weakened the political power of the Church and paved the way for democracy

20.  Exposure to Eastern civilization as a result of the Crusades broadened European’s intellectual horizons  The ideals of chivalry improved attitudes toward, but not rights of, women  The rise of the yeoman class paved the way for democracy in England  The bubonic plague created a labor shortage that contributed to the end of feudalism and to the passing of the Middle Ages