1. Turtle Dissection

3. Scientists believe other land vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish

4. TURTLE LATIN meaning KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ CLASS _______________________________ ORDER _____________________________ ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” REPTILIA “to creep or crawl” CHELONIA “tortoise”

5. INTEGUMENT THICK, DRY, SCALY SKIN Contains KERATIN (protein) LIPIDS & PROTEINS make it water tight

6. ADVANTAGES over thin, moist Amphibian skin 1.WATER TIGHT - Keeps them from drying out on land 2.TOUGH PROTECTION – - prevents injury, keeps out germs, - prevents wear & tear on skin when crawling around on land

7. Image from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/creatures-animaux/reptiles/index_e.asp

8. Can regenerate damaged scutes Growth rings tell age

9. Limbs at right angles to body

10. Nictitating membrane Tympanic membrane External nares Only reptiles with NO TEETH

11. Claws on feet

12. VENT

13. WHAT SEX IS IT? FEMALES: MALES: Short tail Longer tail Vent closer Vent farther from body

14. MALE PLASTRON slightly CONCAVE to fit on top of female CURVE OF PLASTRON FEMALE PLASTRON slightly CONVEX to make more room for eggs

15. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg Penis deposits sperm inside female’s body

16. GLOTTIS – respiratory opening

17. PHARYNX GULLET GLOTTIS INTERNAL NARES

18. Ectothermic Body heat comes from surrounding environment Slow metabolism/low activity in cold places “cold-blooded” EX: All invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

19. ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES: Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm DISADVANTAGES: Can’t to live in extremely cold places (NO reptiles in Arctic) Can’t keep up max activity level for long

20. Endothermic “warm-blooded” Create own body heat FAST metabolism allows for: high activity for extended time ability to live in variety of environments EX: Birds, Mammals

21. PELVIC & PECTORAL GIRDLES inside ribs PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE Covers & protects heart

22. EXCRETORY URINARY BLADDER

23. Image from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html Vent

24. LIVER Makes BILE Stores GLYCOGEN Stores VITAMINS Processes TOXINS including nitrogen waste

25. Image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/turtle/turtledissectlist.html

26. GALL BLADDER Stores BILE

27. STOMACH Add ACID; Start DIGESTION; Grind & mash food

28. MESENTERY

29. PANCREAS In mesentery near first loop of small intestine Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON

30. SMALL INTESTINE Duodenum Ileum LARGE INTESTINE (Also called COLON)

31. CLOACA

32. SPLEEN Make, store, recycle RBC’s

33. TURTLE HEART 3 CHAMBERS 2 atria; 1 ventricle Sinus Venosus & Conus Arteriosus are smaller PARTIAL SEPTUM: begins to divide ventricle into two sides Image from: BIODIDAC

35. Sinus venosus RIGHT Atrium Ventricle Conus arteriosus      Lungs Body organs LEFT Atrium          FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION

36. ENDOCRINE Glands that make hormones that control other body organs THYROID: located above heart Makes hormones that control heart rate, blood pressure; cell development and growth PANCREAS controls blood sugar levels

38. Trachea and Esophagus

39. BRONCHI

40. LUNGS HAVE ALVEOLI FROG LUNGTURTLE LUNG Increase surface area for more gas exchange Images modified from: http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif

41. REPRODUCTIVE MALEFEMALE Images modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html Vent

42. EPIDIDYMIS Sperm mature and grow tails

43. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg

44. DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Image from: http://www.neuroscientist.com/animimag/turtles.htm

45. SEX is determined by TEMPERATURE of NEST Image from: http://www.parcplace.org/documents/GeneralHerpInfo/learnabout2.htm

46. Types of Reproduction

47. Ways offspring enter world OVIPARITY- Reproductive tract encloses egg in a protective shell Eggs deposited outside body to hatch Nourishment comes from egg EX: Most reptiles,birds & a few mammals (monotremes)

48. VIVIPARITY- No shell around egg Eggs retained in body Nourished by mother through placenta Offspring are born alive Ex: Mammals & some reptiles Ways offspring enter world

49. OVOVIVIPARITY- Egg surrounded by protective shell but kept in body until just before hatching or can hatch inside female Nourishment comes from egg not mother Ex: Some reptiles (snakes) Ways offspring enter world

50. OVI PARITY OVOVIVI PARITY VIVI PARITY SHELL? NO SHELL? Embryo grows? Food comes From? Seen in? SHELL OUTSIDE EGG Birds, Reptiles, Few mammals NO SHELL INSIDE MOTHER Mammals, few reptiles SHELL INSIDE EGG Reptiles

51. AMNIOTIC EGG

52. NERVOUS COMPLEX BRAIN DORSAL SPINAL CORD (Spine is fused to shell)

54. TURTLE BRAIN BIGGER CEREBRUM than same sized amphibian Image modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/reprodexc.html

55. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Internal fertilization- (Penis) increases chances of sperm finding egg allows addition of protective shell Amniotic eggs- can lay eggs on land now; better protection for embryos Partial septum- better separation on high/low oxygen blood

56. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Other kinds of reproduction- (OVOVIVIPARITY; VIVIPARITY) increases chances for offspring survival Control over Pulmonary circulation can shift blood away from lungs to body when needed Dry, scaly skin better able to live on land

57. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Nitrogen waste = uric acid AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID Least toxic form; Needs least water to dilute conserves water Bigger cerebrum- “smarter”; more complex behaviors

58. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? LUNGS have ALVEOLI increases surface area for more gas exchange Sex depends on temperature of eggs- can change sex based on population needs