1. Community structure of copepods from different nearshore substrates off Tinggi and Sibu Islands, Malaysia* Ephrime B. Metillo 1, Shuhei Nishida 2, Othman BH Ross 3, Fatimah Md. Yusof 4, Susumu Ohtsuka 5, Mulyadi 6, Shozo Sawamoto 7, Jun Nishikawa 2, Hideo Sekiguchi 8, Tatsuki Toda 9, Nozomu Iwasaki 10, Tomohiko Kikuchi 11, Nguyen Thi Thu 12, Nguyen Cho 13, Khwanruan Srinui 14, Wilfredo Campos 15 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan 9200, Philippines 2 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa 277-8564 Japan 3 Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia (Addresses of other authors are in appendices) *Paper presented in Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMARZ) Regional Symposium for Asia, Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Science (IOCAS), Qingdao, China 11-14 May 2010

2. Copepods dominate most tropical zooplankton samples; have pivotal role in bentho-pelagic food webs and ecosystems and fisheries Few studies on tropical copepods despite their sensitivity to climate change and water pollution Dearth of information on community structure of tropical copepods Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Zooplankton Biodiversity Research Group for Southeast Asia (2004-2010) - an international collaborative team focusing on zooplankton in Southeast Asian waters

3. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES Under an umbrella goal of developing a standard monitoring system for the coastal waters of Southeast Asia using copepod communities, this study was specifically aimed to: 1. identify copepod species from small and large fractions of samples that make up communities from coral, seagrass and sand substrates; 2. analyze the structure of copepod communities using univariate diversity indices and rank-dominance technique and constrained multivariate ordination method 3. identify indicator species and assemblage of species using Dufrene and Legendre (1997) indicator value index

4. Malaysia Peninsula Southeast Asia Pacific Ocean STUDY SITES Malaysia Peninsula Tinggi Island Sibu Island

5. Coral area 200 m offshore inshore

6. Sibu Island Sandy area 200 m inshoreoffshore

7. Tinggi Island Seagrass bed 200 m inshore offshore

8. SITES (Coral, Seagrass, Sand) TIME:DAY (10:00, 12:00, 14:00) NIGHT (19:00, 21:00, 23:00) STATIONS (Inshore, Offshore)

9. ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLING AND SORTING 1 m 2-kg sinker Vertical tow of 100-µm net cod end flow meter

10. SPECIES 1 2 3 4 SAMPLES CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS: Eigenvalues, Monte Carlo Permutations, Forward Selection 0.4 -0.8 0.8 Cyclo Calan Harpa Decap Ostra Larva Salps Antho Polyc Chaet Pyros FishLar Auricu Bipinn Zoea Megal Bivel Gasvel Copep CopNau Ophiop Echin FishEgg Barcy Tintin Foram Temp pH Salinity SecchiD TSS DO NO2 PO4 CHLa Canonical Community Ordination (CANOCO) Analysis Stages PRIMER-E v.5 Multivariate Analysis Stages SAMPLES 1 2 3 4 SPECIES Transformed (to balance rarer and common species) Community Parameters (per sample) Shannon Species Diversity Index Pielou’s Evenness Index Number of species Number of individuals K-dominance curves

11. INDICATOR SPECIES AND ASSEMBLAGE OF SPECIES Dufrene and Legendre (1997) Indicator Value (IndVal ij ) Index

12. Current velocity and direction measured by ADCP at the nearshore waters off Tinggi and Sibu Islands. Currents shown in A were recorded during ebb tide and those in B during flood tide. Time 2 o 08’ N 2 o 18’ N 2 o 23’ N 103 o 52’ E104 o 04’ E 104 o 12’ E Tinggi Is. Malaysia Peninsula Sibu Is. N 5 Km B Time (min) 2 o 08’ N 2 o 18’ N 2 o 23’ N 103 o 52’ E104 o 04’ E 104 o 12’ E Tinggi Is. Malaysia Peninsula N 5 Km A Sibu Is.

13. Temperature ( o C), salinity (‰ ) and dissolved oxygen (mg L -1 ) measured at coral (A), seagrass (B), and sand (C) sites. Left y-axis – temperature and salinity; right y-axis – dissolved oxygen. 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 D1C1D1C2N1C1N1C2D2C1D2C2N2C1N2C2D1CO1D1CO2N1CO1N1CO2D2CO1D2CO2N1CO1N1CO2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 D1G1D1G2N1G1N1G2D2G1D2G2N2G1N2G2D1GO1D1GO2N1GO1N1GO2D2GO1D2GO2N2GO1N2GO2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 D1S1D1S2N1S1N1S2D2S1D2S2N2S1N2S2D1SO1D1SO2N1SO1N1SO2D2SO1D2SO2N2SO1N2SO2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A B C coral seagrass sand TEMP: differed between sites and time, not between stations – elevated values at sand site and in the afternoon SAL: varied between sites, but not between stations and time – highest from sand site DO: varied between sites and time, not between stations – widest range at seagrass site

14. 100-335 µm copepods Oithona decipiens Kelleria sp. Macrosetella gracilis Oithona plumifera Acartia pacifica Oithona attenuata Paracalanus aculeatus Sapphirella-type Acrocalanus gibber Bestiolina similis Clytemnestra scuttelata Euterpina acutifrons Metacalanus sp. Metis sp. Microsetella norvegica Oithona nana Oithona rigida Oithona simplex Paracalanus parvus Parvocalanus crassirostris Parvocalanus elegans Pseudocyclops sp. 24 species (5 unique) Harpacticoida Cyclopoida Calanoida Poicilostomatoida Corycaeus spp. Oncaea spp. > 335 µm copepods 66 species (42 unique) Acrocalanus gracilis Centropages orsini Clytemnestra scutellata Corycaeus andrewsi Corycaeus dahli Eudactylopus latipes Euterpina acutifrons Kelleria sp. Macrosetella gracilis Metacalanus aurivilli Microsetella norvegica Oithona attenuata Oithona decipiens Oithona nana Oithona oculata Oithona plumifera Oithona simplex Oncaea conifera Parvocalanus elegans Pseudocyclops sp. Tortanus barbatus Tortanus gracilis Acartia pacfica Acrocalanus gibber Calanopia aurivillli Calanopia elliptica Calanopia thompsonii Calocalanus sp. Candacia bradyi Canthocalanus pauper Centropages furcatus Corycaeus asiaticus Corycaeus catus Corycaeus crassiusculus Corycaeus erythraeus Farranula concinna Farranula gibbula Labidocera acuta Labidocera kroyeri Labidocera minuta Microsetella rosea Oithona rigida Paracalanus aculeatus Parvocalanus crassirostris Subeucalanus subcrassus Temora discaudata Temora turbinata Anawekia sp. Bestiolina similis Calanopia australica Copilia sp. Corycaeus latus Corycaeus lubbocki Corycaeus speciosus Delius sp. Metis sp. Oithona setigera Oncaea mediterranea Paracalanus denudatus Pontellopsis herdmani Tortanus forcipatus Cyclopoida Calanoida Harpacticoida Poicilostomatoida TOTAL: 67 species and 4 species group CORAL = 56 SEAGRASS = 48 SAND = 45 Lubbockia sp. Tortanus spp. Acartia erythraea Oncaea spp.

15. Abundance: small fraction an order of magnitufe higher than large fraction Diversity: for both size fractions, similar between sites, but offshore stations more diverse and species rich than inshore stations Small fraction: high abundance but low diversity. Large fraction: low abundance but high diversity Large fraction: offshore samples collected at night more species than other samples A. SMALL FRACTION (100-335  m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Shannon H’ Pielou J 0 5 10 15 20 25 D1CN1CD2CN2CD1CON1COD2CON2COD1GN1GD2GN2GD1GON1GOD2GON2GOD1SN1SD2SN2SD1SON1SO D2SO N2SO 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Species number Abundance (x1000) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 D1CN1CD2CN2CN1CON2COD1GD2GN2GD1GON1GOD2GON2GOD1SN1SD2SN2SD1SON1SOD2SON2SO 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Shannon H’ Pielou J Species number Abundance (x100) B. LARGE FRACTION (>335  m) Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness index, species richness, and total abundance in small (A) and large (B) fractions of samples.

16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 % Cumulative Dominance Species rank 0 20 40 60 80 100 110100 A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 20 40 60 80 100 110100 % Cumulative Dominance Species rank B K-dominance curves of small (A) and large (B) fractions from samples from the three sampling sites.

17. Canonical correspondence analysis triplot for small fraction samples from three sampling sites. 1.0 1.0 Ppa Pac Pcr Pel Bsi Apa Agi Meta Pse Cas Oat Odeci Ona Opl Osi Ori Csp Onc Kel Sap Csc Eac Mno MgrMet Salinity Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Depth D1C1 D1C3 N1C1 N1C3D2C1 D2C3 N2C1 N2C3 D1CO1 D1CO3 N1CO1 N1CO3 D2CO1 D2CO3 N2CO1 N2CO3 D1G1 D1G3 N1G1 N1G3 D2G1 D2G3 N2G1 N2G3 D1GO1 D1GO3 N1GO3 D2GO1 D2GO3 N2GO1 N2GO3 D1S1 D1S3 N1S1 N1S3 D2S1 D2S3 N2S1 N2S3 D1SO1 D1SO3 N1SO1 N1SO3 D2SO1 D2SO3 N2SO1 N2SO3

18. 1.5 -0.8 0.8 Aer Apa Agi Agr Ana Bsi Cau Cel Cth Cal Cbr Cpa Cfu Cor Del Lac Lkr Lmi Mau Pac Pde Pcr Pel Phe Pse Ssu TdiTtu Tba Tfo Tgr Tor Oat Ode Ona Ooc Opl Ori Ose Osi Lub Csc Ela Eac Mgr Mno Mro Met Cop Can Cas Cca Ccr Cer Cda Cla Clu Csp Cors Fgi Fco Kel Oco Ome Onc Salinity Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Depth D1C1 D1C3 N1C1 N1C3 D2C1 D2C3 N2C1 N2CO3 N2CO1 N2C3 D1G1 D1G3 D2G1 D2G3 N2G1 N2G3 D1GO1 D1GO3 N1GO1 N1GO3 D2GO1 D2GO3 N2GO3 D1S1 D1S3 N1S1 N1S3 D2S1 D2S3 N2S1 N2S3 D1SO1 D1SO3 N1SO1 N1SO3 D2SO1 D2SO3 N2SO1 N2SO3 N2GO1 N1CO1 N1CO3 Canonical correspondence analysis triplot for large fraction samples from three sampling sites.

19. SEAGRASS inshore (day & night) offshore (day & night) SAND All day inshore and offshore CORAL inshore (day & night) offshore (day & night) SAND All night inshore and offshore

20. SEAGRASS inshore (day & night) offshore (day) SEAGRASS offshore night SAND inshore (day & night) offshore (day) SAND offshore night CORAL inshore (day & night) offshore (day) CORAL offshore night

21. SUMMARY 1. Identified 65 copepod species from small and large fractions of samples that make up communities from coral, seagrass and sand substrates 2. On community structure: a. High species richness and low abundance for large fraction but the reverse for small fraction likely due to dominance effects b. Overall species diversity similar between sites due to high variability between samples c. Inshore stations had lower species richness than offshore stations for both size fractions for all sites probably due to biological interactions like predation and competition; highest species richness in offshore stations at night for large fractions likely related with advection and diel vertical migration d. Site and time - specific assemblages or groups were explicitly identified by CCA e. Site- and time-specific Indicator species and assemblage were clearly defined in large fraction samples

22. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

23. Addresses of other authors 4 Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5 Takehara Station, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara, Hiroshima 725-0024, Japan 6 Div. of Zoology, Research Center for Biology – LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia 7 Institute of Oceanic Research & Development, Tokai University 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8610 Japan 8 Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515 Kamihama-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan 9 Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University 10 Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, Usa-cho, Tosa, Kochi 781-1164, Japan 11 Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-2 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan 12 Department of Marine Biological Resource and Ecology, Institute of Marine Environment and Resources 246 Danang Street, Haiphong City, Vietnam 13 Department of Marine Plankton, Institute of Oceanography, Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nha Trang, Vietnam 14 Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand 15 Division of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo 5023, Philippines