1. Social Order(s) HUM 2052: Civilization II Spring 2010 Dr. Perdigao February 24, 2010

2. Defining the Revolution From “Revolutionary Principles” (1369-1370) Change in assumptions in science, philosophy, the structure of society, human identity Nietzsche’s argument that Western culture is in decline—moral decay of society and loss of individual freedom Marx and Engels—cultural decline—problems in capitalist free society that produced the Crystal Palace was falling apart and would be overturned, foreseeing revolutions in their times “Revolutions of the mind”: challenging accepted ideas in science, philosophy, and society The “woman question” answered best in theory or in salons, their place in history After Newton, questions of God’s role in world, Darwin’s theories in relation to that center, creationism

3. Liberalism Roots in John Locke (17 th century) and Enlightenment philosophy (18 th century); continuation of democratic practices and rational outlook of ancient Greece; work of French philosophes (Montesquieu’s separations of powers and checks and balances, religious toleration and freedom of thought; American and French Revolutions; Bill of Rights; French National Assembly of 1789 (Perry 534) Constitutional guarantees of personal liberty and free trade in economics, leading to social improvement and economic growth; Adam Smith’s laissez-faire theory Support of Industrial Revolution but opposing violence and state power promoted by French Revolution, repudiated Jacobin radicalism; called for end to legacy of Middle Ages and aristocracy Middle class—manufacturers, merchants, professionals support liberalism

4. Liberalists Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), Democracy in America (1835-1840), advocated destruction of aristocracy (Perry 537) Thomas Paine (1748-1832), The Rights of Man (1791-1792) following Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), utility as reform, pain and pleasure, philosophical radicals (Perry 539)

5. Socialism Following liberalism “liberties advocated by liberals benefited only the middle class—the owners of factories and businesses—not the workers” (MW: 675) Sought to reorganize society Critique of Industrial Revolution for creating two classes: new middle class (capitalists who own the wealth) and working class Early socialists as “romantics,” dreaming of a “New social order, a future utopia, where each individual could find happiness and self-fulfillment” (Perry 540), did not advocate class warfare Charles Fourier (1772-1837), phalansteries, communities; Robert Owen (1771-1858)—Welsh—factory town in Scotland, then Indiana (New Harmony, 1920s) (Florida?) (Perry 540-541) Emancipation of women

6. Collectivists and Communists After failed revolutions in 1848, Marxists and anarchists as “chief proponents of revolution” (Perry 584); both liberalism and Marxist shared principles derived from Enlightenment, social progress Differences as seizure of power by working class and destruction of capitalism, violence and struggle as “essence of history,” “instruments of progress” (Perry 584) “emphasizing their desire to replace private property by communal, collective ownership” (676) Marx (1818-1883) and Engels (1820-1895), German, Marx forced to leave France in 1849, moved to London Communist League, 1848 Communist Manifesto

7. Marx’s Science Marx as “strict materialist” and “Young Hegelian,” belief that the “Germany of their day” “had not attained a harmony between the individual and society; it as not rationally organized and did not foster freedom” (Perry 531); “dialectical conflict” between opposing forces, thesis (force) and antithesis (adversary), not abstract natural rights but “true freedom” attained “through the social group” (Perry 530), history as “not an assortment of unrelated and disconnected events, but a progressive development” (Perry 585) For Marx, clash of classes rather than opposing ideas—“dialectical materialism” which accounts for change and progress (Perry 585); saw Hegel as too metaphysical

8. Marxist Theory Marx and Engels—turn to economic relationships that influence society— social, political, intellectual, and cultural—and change throughout history with production change Revolutionizing instruments of production; great crises, according to Marx and Engels, in production and production forces “capitalist free enterprise system that had created the crystal palace was now on the verge of collapse and would soon be overturned by the very class of laborers it had created to meet industrial demands” (1369) Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat Bourgeoisie (capitalist) Proletariat (working class) Embrace industrialization to bring about proletarian revolution and “abolition of exploitation, private property, and class society” (676)

9. Rise of Marxism Marx: political theorist and labor organizer Scientific theory (like Darwin?): mathematical calculations of production and profit Das Kapital Returns to John Locke (another influential text for Frankenstein) “that human existence was defined by the necessity to work to fulfill basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter” (MW: 713). Materialism as class relationships developed around work the “mode of production” Feudalism (serf and medieval lord); slavery (slave and master); capitalism (worker [proletariat] and capitalist)

10. The Road to Revolution Rather than emphasize individual rights, focus on unequal class relations and discards the “romantic views of the Utopian socialists” to focus on struggle as means to bring change Marx “rejected the liberal Enlightenment view that society was basically harmonious, maintaining instead that social progress could occur only through conflict” (MW: 714) Anarchism as destruction of state power because “the existence of the state was the root of social injustice” (713) Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876), wanted all oppressed people to revolt, secret societies rather than mass political parties, feared Marxists would become new masters and exploiters, instead should destroy the state (Perry 588- 589)

11. Limits of Civilization “the epidemic of over production” that leads society into “momentary barbarism” (return to Montaigne?) “Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society...” (1386).