1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 51

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations March 8 th, 1:30-2:30, Kenny 2517 20946117 24066110 32506107 33048117 40545105 42105114 43330117 57869109

3. 3 Physical Health: 1. Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity? (continued)

4. 4 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. contrast sex differences in mortality in distinct regions of the world. 3. discuss sex differences in morbidity rates among Canadians. 2. explain cultural variation in sex differences in mortality.

5. 5 4. discuss the developmental trajectory associated with sex differences in morbidity. 5. describe the relationship between sex differences in morbidity and gender equality.

6. 6 Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity? (continued)

7. 7 CountryMaleFemaleDifference Canada79845 US76815 Australia79845 New Zealand79834 France78846 Germany76826 Great Britain77825 Italy79856 Portugal75827 Bulgaria70788 Poland72808 Romania71787 Russia607313 Estimated Life Expectancies Around the World (World Factbook, 2009, 2012) CountryMaleFemaleDifference Cambodia61665 China73774 Philippines69756 Bangladesh58635 India66682 Nepal65683 Afghanistan48513 Iraq69723 Kuwait76793 Botswana5755-2 Rwanda57603 Uganda52553 Zimbabwe5251

8. 8  Today, “lifestyle” diseases are the primary causes of death among Canadians. The mortality rates for the 5 top causes of death in Canada are higher among males than females:

9. 9 Cause of DeathMaleFemale Male:Female Death Ratio Cancer207.7143.81.44 Heart disease160.191.51.75 Cerebrovascular disease 35.230.21.17 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 34.119.81.72 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 35.616.52.16 Annual Death Rates (Per 100,000) for Leading Causes of Death (Statistics Canada, 2010, 2012)

10. 10 2.Morbidity  As life span has lengthened, morbidity rates have increased.  Females suffer more acute illnesses and nonfatal chronic illnesses than males.

11. 11 Chronic ConditionPercent of MalesPercent of Females Arthritis1728 Hypertension1318 Migraines311 Asthma710 Bronchitis/Emphysema23 Activity limitation1518 Heart disease63 Diabetes97 Prevalence of Chronic Conditions Among Individuals Aged 45-64 by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2009, 2012)

12. 12 Chronic Condition Percent of Males Percent of Females Arthritis3453 Glaucoma2029 Back problems2226 Stomach ulcers45 Bowel disorders35 Chemical sensitivities 24 Urinary incontinence 912 Prevalance of Chronic Conditions Among Individuals Aged 65 or Older by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2003, 2012) Chronic Condition Percent of Males Percent of Females Asthma69 Fibromyalgia13 Thyroid condition 519 Migraines47 Heart disease 2218 Diabetes2114 Cancer74

13. 13  Moreover, although the morbidity-free life expectancy of both females and males has declined, it has declined more dramatically among females than males:

14. 14 MalesFemales Average number of morbidity-free years in 1989 54.755.3 Average number of morbidity-free years in 2000 53.951.0 Morbidity-Free Life Expectancy by Sex and Year (Perenboom et al., 2005)

15. 15  In childhood, morbidity is greater among males than females. The sex difference reverses in pre- adolescence, with females reporting greater morbidity.  Sex differences in morbidity are smaller in countries with a relatively high Gender Development Index.

16. 16 Torsheim et al., 2006 Assessed health complaints among 125,732 adolescents aged 11-15 in 29 countries in Europe and North America. In all countries, girls reported more health complaints than boys:

17. 17 AgeLow GDIMedium GDIHigh GDI 11-year-olds1.561.171.18 13-year-olds1.881.701.56 15-year-olds2.271.911.88 Odds Ratio of Females Reporting More Health Symptoms than Males* (Torsheim et al., 2006) *Odds ratio: Higher numbers indicate that more females than males reported symptoms.

18. 18 Sex differences are smaller in countries with a relatively high Gender Development Index. Relationship Between GDI and Female/Male Odds Ratio of Health Complaints Among 11- Year-Olds (Torsheim et al., 2006)

19. 19 Physical Health: 1. Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity? (continued)