1. MEIOSIS

3. MEIOSIS
The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced.
Diploid (2n)  haploid (n)
Meiosis is sexual reproduction.
Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

4. MEIOSIS Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg).
Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
Male: spermatogenesis
Female: oogenesis
Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some chromosomal differences.

5. Mitosis vs Meiosis Produces two diploid daughter cells
Produces daughter cells that ARE genetically identical
Produce four haploid daughter cells
Produces daughter cells that are NOT genetically identical

6. SPERMATOGENESIS - FORMATION OF SPERM CELLS
haploid (n)
meiosis II
2n=46
human
sex cell
diploid (2n)
n=23
meiosis I

7. Fig. 3.10

8. Fig. 3.11

9. INTERPHASE I Similar to mitosis interphase.
Chromosomes replicate (S phase).
Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres.
Centriole pairs also replicate.

10. INTERPHASE I Nucleus and nucleolus visible. chromatin nuclear membrane
cell membrane
nucleolus

11. MEIOSIS I (FOUR PHASES)
Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half.
four phases:
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d. telophase I

12. PROPHASE I Longest and most complex phase (90%). Chromosomes condense.
Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad.
Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).

13. PROPHASE I - SYNAPSIS
Homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids
Tetrad

14. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size.
Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits.
Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues.
Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
a. 22 pairs of autosomes
b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes

15. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
eye color
locus
hair color
Paternal
Maternal

16. CROSSING OVER
Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.
Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid.
Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over.

17. CROSSING OVER - VARIATION
Tetrad
nonsister chromatids
chiasmata: site of crossing over
variation

18. SEX CHROMOSOMES
XX chromosome - female
XY chromosome - male

19. PROPHASE I
centrioles
spindle fiber
aster
fibers

20. METAPHASE I Shortest phase Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
2. Variation
3. Formula: 2n
Example: 2n = 4
then n = 2
thus 22 = 4 combinations

21. METAPHASE I
metaphase plate OR
metaphase plate

22. QUESTION:
In terms of Independent Assortment -how many different combinations of sperm could a human male produce?

23. 223 = ~8 million combinations
ANSWER
Formula: 2n
Human chromosomes: 2n = 46
n = 23
223 = ~8 million combinations

24. ANAPHASE I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

25. ANAPHASE I

26. TELOPHASE I Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.

27. TELOPHASE I

28. Interkinesis A short interphase between the two meiotic divisions
Chromosomes unfold into very thin threads
Proteins are manufactured
However, DNA is NOT replicated a second time
Figure 2.3

29. MEIOSIS II No interphase II (or very short - no more DNA replication)
Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

30. PROPHASE II
same as prophase in mitosis

31. METAPHASE II
same as metaphase in mitosis
metaphase plate

32. ANAPHASE II
same as anaphase in mitosis
sister chromatids separate

33. TELOPHASE II Same as telophase in mitosis. Nuclei form.
Cytokinesis occurs.
Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced.
gametes = sperm or egg

34. TELOPHASE II

35. MEIOSIS n=2 n=2 2n=4 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II meiosis I sex cell
diploid (2n)

36. VARIATION
Important to population as the raw material for natural selection.
Question:
What are the three sexual sources of
genetic variation?

37. Remember: variation is good!
ANSWER:
1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I)
3. random fertilization
Remember: variation is good!

38. Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Table 3.1 38

39. Mitosis Meiosis Prophase Interphase Cytokinesis Telophase Metaphase
What looks similar between mitosis and meiosis?
What looks different?
Prophase
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Telophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Meiosis

40. Meiosis vs. Mitosis Animation
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Figure 2.3

41. QUESTION:
A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

42. ANSWER:
10 chromosomes (haploid)

43. FERTILIZATION n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote
The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
A zygote is a fertilized egg
n=23
egg
sperm
n=23
2n=46
zygote

44. QUESTION:
A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

45. ANSWER:
10 chromosomes

46. Meiosis Square dance