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Chapter 1 Intro to A & P

2. Anatomy v. Physiology
Anatomy
Physiology

3. Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope
Regional: studied area by area
Systemic: studied system by system
Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: study of tissues

4. Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

5. Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

6. Structural & Functional Organizations
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Structural & Functional Organizations
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

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Organs of the Body

8. Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body

9. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

10. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

11. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

12. Characteristics of Life
Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust
Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
Development: changes in an organism over time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

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Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable, relatively constant internal environment
Set point: ideal value
Normal range: variations of set point
Examples?

14. Homeostatic Feedback Systems
2 types: Negative and Positive
3 Components
Receptor: monitors the value of a variable
Control center: receives info from receptor, establishes the set point, & controls effector
Effector: can change the value of the variable
Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
Response: produced by the effector

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Negative Feedback
Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted)
Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels

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Positive Feedback
Response is to make the deviation greater from set point
Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

17. Terminology and Body Plan
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Terminology and Body Plan
Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Other Body Positions
Supine: lying face upward
Prone: lying face downward

18. Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
Directional Terms
Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal)
Medial vs. Lateral
Proximal vs. Distal
Superficial vs. Deep
Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal)

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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Parts and Regions

21. Body Regions Upper limb Lower limb Central Trunk Thorax
Abdomen – RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

22. Abdominal Subdivisions
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Abdominal Subdivisions

23. Body Planes Sagittal divides body into left and right sections
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Body Planes
Sagittal divides body into left and right sections
Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections

24. Planes of Section Through an Organ
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Planes of Section Through an Organ
Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ
Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ
Oblique: cut at an angle

25. Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity

26. Trunk Cavities Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Abdominopelvic Pleural
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Trunk Cavities
Ventral Cavity:
Thoracic
Pleural
Mediastinum
Pericardial
(diaphragm)
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal
Pelvic

27. Serous Membranes Types: Visceral Parietal Examples: Pericardium
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Serous Membranes
Types:
Visceral
Parietal
Examples:
Pericardium
Pleural
Peritoneum
Mesenteries
The visceral peritoneum covers many abdominal organs.

28. Imaging Techniques Radiography Computed Tomography (CT)
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Ultrasound (US)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

29. Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures
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Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures

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Computed Tomography (CT Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body.
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

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Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.