1. Introduction to Grid Computing CI-Days workshop Clemson University, Clemson, SC May 19, 2008 1

2. Scaling up Science: Citation Network Analysis in Sociology Work of James Evans, University of Chicago, Department of Sociology 2

3. Scaling up the analysis Query and analysis of 25+ million citations Work started on desktop workstations Queries grew to month-long duration With data distributed across U of Chicago TeraPort cluster:  50 (faster) CPUs gave 100 X speedup  Many more methods and hypotheses can be tested! Higher throughput and capacity enables deeper analysis and broader community access. 3

4. Computing clusters have commoditized supercomputing Cluster Management “frontend” Tape Backup robots I/O Servers typically RAID fileserver Disk Arrays Lots of Worker Nodes A few Headnodes, gatekeepers and other service nodes 4

5. Initial Grid driver: High Energy Physics Tier2 Centre ~1 TIPS Online System Offline Processor Farm ~20 TIPS CERN Computer Centre FermiLab ~4 TIPS France Regional Centre Italy Regional Centre Germany Regional Centre Institute Institute ~0.25TIPS Physicist workstations ~100 MBytes/sec ~622 Mbits/sec ~1 MBytes/sec There is a “bunch crossing” every 25 nsecs. There are 100 “triggers” per second Each triggered event is ~1 MByte in size Physicists work on analysis “channels”. Each institute will have ~10 physicists working on one or more channels; data for these channels should be cached by the institute server Physics data cache ~PBytes/sec ~622 Mbits/sec or Air Freight (deprecated) Tier2 Centre ~1 TIPS Caltech ~1 TIPS ~622 Mbits/sec Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 4 1 TIPS is approximately 25,000 SpecInt95 equivalents Image courtesy Harvey Newman, Caltech 5

6. Grids can process vast datasets. Many HEP and Astronomy experiments consist of:  Large datasets as inputs (find datasets)  “Transformations” which work on the input datasets (process)  The output datasets (store and publish) The emphasis is on the sharing of the large datasets Programs when independent can be parallelized. Montage Workflow: ~1200 jobs, 7 levels NVO, NASA, ISI/Pegasus - Deelman et al. Mosaic of M42 created on TeraGrid = Data Transfer = Compute Job 6

7. PUMA: Analysis of Metabolism PUMA Knowledge Base Information about proteins analyzed against ~2 million gene sequences Analysis on Grid Involves millions of BLAST, BLOCKS, and other processes Natalia Maltsev et al. http://compbio.mcs.anl.gov/puma2 7

8. Mining Seismic data for hazard analysis (Southern Calif. Earthquake Center). Seismic Hazard Model Seismicity Paleoseismology Local site effects Geologic structure Faults Stress transfer Crustal motion Crustal deformation Seismic velocity structure Rupture dynamics 88

9. Grids Provide Global Resources To Enable e-Science 9

10. Ian Foster’s Grid Checklist A Grid is a system that:  Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control  Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces  Delivers non-trivial qualities of service 10

11. Virtual Organizations (VOs) Groups of organizations that use the Grid to share resources for specific purposes Support a single community Deploy compatible technology and agree on working policies  Security policies - difficult Deploy different network accessible services:  Grid Information  Grid Resource Brokering  Grid Monitoring  Grid Accounting 11

12. What is a grid made of ? Middleware. Grid Protocols Grid Resources dedicated by UC, IU, Boston Grid Storage Grid Middleware Computing Cluster Grid resource time purchased from commercial provider Grid Middleware Computing Cluster Grid resources shared by OSG, LCG, NorduGRID Grid Middleware Computing Cluster Grid Client Application User Interface Grid Middleware Resource, Workflow And Data Catalogs Grid Storage Grid Storage Security to control access and protect communication (GSI) Directory to locate grid sites and services: (VORS, MDS) Uniform interface to computing sites (GRAM) Facility to maintain and schedule queues of work (Condor-G) Fast and secure data set mover (GridFTP, RFT) Directory to track where datasets live (RLS) 12

13. We will focus on Globus and Condor Condor provides both client & server scheduling  In grids, Condor provides an agent to queue, schedule and manage work submission Globus Toolkit (GT) provides the lower-level middleware  Client tools which you can use from a command line  APIs (scripting languages, C, C++, Java, …) to build your own tools, or use direct from applications  Web service interfaces  Higher level tools built from these basic components, e.g. Reliable File Transfer (RFT) 13

14. Grid software is like a “stack” Grid Security Infrastructure Job Management Data Management Information (config & status) Services Core Globus Services Standard Network Protocols Condor Grid Client Workflow system (explicit or ad-hoc) Grid Application (often includes a Portal) 14

15. Provisioning Grid architecture is evolving to a Service-Oriented approach. Service-oriented Grid infrastructure  Provision physical resources to support application workloads Appln Service Users Workflows Composition Invocation Service-oriented applications  Wrap applications as services  Compose applications into workflows “The Many Faces of IT as Service”, Foster, Tuecke, 2005...but this is beyond our workshop’s scope. See “Service-Oriented Science” by Ian Foster. 15

16. Job and resource management 16

17. Local Resource Manager: a batch scheduler for running jobs on a computing cluster Popular LRMs include:  PBS – Portable Batch System  LSF – Load Sharing Facility  SGE – Sun Grid Engine  Condor – Originally for cycle scavenging, Condor has evolved into a comprehensive system for managing computing LRMs execute on the cluster’s head node Simplest LRM allows you to “fork” jobs quickly  Runs on the head node (gatekeeper) for fast utility functions  No queuing (but this is emerging to “throttle” heavy loads) In GRAM, each LRM is handled with a “job manager” 17

18. July 11-15, 2005 Lecture3: Grid Job Management 18 GRAM – Globus Resource Allocation Manager “globusrun myjob …” Globus GRAM Protocol Organization A Organization B Gatekeeper & Job Manager Submit to LRM

19. GRAM provides a uniform interface to diverse cluster schedulers. User Grid VO Condor PBS LSF UNIX fork() GRAM Site A Site B Site C Site D 19

20. July 11-15, 2005 Lecture3: Grid Job Management 20 Condor-G: Grid Job Submission Manager Globus GRAM Protocol Gatekeeper & Job Manager Submit to LRM Organization A Organization B Condor-G myjob1 myjob2 myjob3 myjob4 myjob5 …

21. Data Management 21

22. Data management services provide the mechanisms to find, move and share data GridFTP  Fast, Flexible, Secure, Ubiquitous data transport  Often embedded in higher level services RFT  Reliable file transfer service using GridFTP Replica Location Service (RLS)  Tracks multiple copies of data for speed and reliability  Emerging services integrate replication and transport Metadata management services are evolving 22

23. GridFTP is secure, reliable and fast Security through GSI  Authentication and authorization  Can also provide encryption Reliability by restarting failed transfers Fast  Can set TCP buffers for optimal performance  Parallel transfers  Striping (multiple endpoints) Client Tools globus-url-copy, uberftp, custom clients 23

24. GridFTP examples globus-url-copy file:///home/YOURLOGIN/dataex/myfile gsiftp://osg-edu.cs.wisc.edu/nfs/osgedu/YOURLOGIN/ex1 globus-url-copy gsiftp://osg-edu.cs.wisc.edu/nfs/osgedu/YOURLOGIN/ex2 gsiftp://tp-osg.ci.uchicago.edu/YOURLOGIN/ex3

25. Grids replicate data files for faster access Effective use of the grid resources – more parallelism Each logical file can have multiple physical copies Avoids single points of failure Manual or automatic replication  Automatic replication considers the demand for a file, transfer bandwidth, etc. 25

26. File Catalog Services  Replica Location Service (RLS)  Phedex  RefDB / PupDB Requirements  Abstract the logical file name (LFN) for a physical file  maintain the mappings between the LFNs and the PFNs (physical file names)  Maintain the location information of a file File catalogues tell you where the data is 26

27. RLS -Replica Location Service RLS component of the data grid architecture (Globus component) It provides access to mapping information from logical names to physical names of items Its goal is to reduce access latency, improve data locality, improve robustness, scalability and performance for distributed applications RLS produces replica catalogs (LRCs), which represent mappings between logical and physical files scattered across the storage system. For better performance, the LRC can be indexed.

28. RLS -Replica Location Service RLS maps logical filenames to physical filenames. Logical Filenames (LFN)  Names a file with interesting data in it  Doesn’t refer to location (which host, or where in a host)‏ Physical Filenames (PFN)  Refers to a file on some filesystem somewhere  Often use gsiftp:// URLs to specify Two RLS catalogs:  Local Replica Catalog (LRC) and  Replica Location Index (RLI)

29. Local Replica Catalog (LRC) ‏ stores mappings from LFNs to PFNs. Interaction:  Q: Where can I get filename ‘experiment_result_1’?  A: You can get it from gsiftp://gridlab1.ci.uchicago.edu/home/benc/r.txt Undesirable to have one of these for whole grid  Lots of data  Single point of failure

30. Replica Location Index (RLI) ‏ stores mappings from LFNs to LRCs. Interaction:  Q: Who can tell me about filename ‘experiment_result_1’.  A: You can get more info from the LRC at gridlab1  (Then go to ask that LRC for more info)‏ Failure of one RLI or LRC doesn’t break everything RLI stores reduced set of information, so can cope with many more mappings

31. Globus RLS file1→ gsiftp://serverA/file1 file2→ gsiftp://serverA/file2 LRC RLI file3→ rls://serverB/file3 file4→ rls://serverB/file4 rls://serverA:39281 file1 file2 site A file3→ gsiftp://serverB/file3 file4→ gsiftp://serverB/file4 LRC RLI file1→ rls://serverA/file1 file2→ rls://serverA/file2 rls://serverB:39281 file3 file4 site B

32. Storage Resource Managers (SRMs) are middleware components Storage Resource Managers (SRMs) are middleware components  whose function is to provide dynamic space allocation file management on shared storage resources on the Grid  Different implementations for underlying storage systems are based on the same SRM specification What is SRM?

33. SRMs role in the data grid architecture SRMs role in the data grid architecture  Shared storage space allocation & reservation important for data intensive applications  Get/put files from/into spaces archived files on mass storage systems  File transfers from/to remote sites, file replication  Negotiate transfer protocols  File and space management with lifetime  support non-blocking (asynchronous) requests  Directory management  Interoperate with other SRMs SRMs role in grid

34. SRM: Main concepts  Space reservations  Dynamic space management  Pinning file in spaces  Support abstract concept of a file name: Site URL  Temporary assignment of file names for transfer: Transfer URL  Directory management and authorization  Transfer protocol negotiation  Support for peer to peer request  Support for asynchronous multi-file requests  Support abort, suspend, and resume operations  Non-interference with local policies

35. Birmingham The Globus-Based LIGO Data Grid Replicating >1 Terabyte/day to 8 sites >40 million replicas so far MTBF = 1 month LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory  Cardiff AEI/Golm 35

36. Grid Security 36

37. Grid security is a crucial component Problems being solved might be sensitive Resources are typically valuable Resources are located in distinct administrative domains  Each resource has own policies, procedures, security mechanisms, etc. Implementation must be broadly available & applicable  Standard, well-tested, well-understood protocols; integrated with wide variety of tools 37

38. Grid Security Infrastructure - GSI Provides secure communications for all the higher-level grid services Secure Authentication and Authorization  Authentication ensures you are whom you claim to be ID card, fingerprint, passport, username/password  Authorization controls what you are permitted to do Run a job, read or write a file GSI provides Uniform Credentials Single Sign-on  User authenticates once – then can perform many tasks 38

39. National Grid Cyberinfrastructure 39

40. Open Science Grid (OSG) provides shared computing resources, benefiting a broad set of disciplines OSG incorporates advanced networking and focuses on general services, operations, end-to-end performance Composed of a large number (>50 and growing) of shared computing facilities, or “sites” http://www.opensciencegrid.org/ A consortium of universities and national laboratories, building a sustainable grid infrastructure for science. 40

41. www.opensciencegrid.org Diverse job mix Open Science Grid  70 sites (20,000 CPUs) & growing  400 to >1000 concurrent jobs  Many applications + CS experiments; includes long-running production operations 41

42. TeraGrid provides vast resources via a number of huge computing facilities. 42

43. To efficiently use a Grid, you must locate and monitor its resources. Check the availability of different grid sites Discover different grid services Check the status of “jobs” Make better scheduling decisions with information maintained on the “health” of sites 43

44. OSG Resource Selection Service: VORS 44

45. Grid Workflow 45

46. A typical workflow pattern in image analysis runs many filtering apps. Workflow courtesy James Dobson, Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center 46

47. Conclusion: Why Grids? New approaches to inquiry based on  Deep analysis of huge quantities of data  Interdisciplinary collaboration  Large-scale simulation and analysis  Smart instrumentation  Dynamically assemble the resources to tackle a new scale of problem Enabled by access to resources & services without regard for location & other barriers 47

48. Grids: Because Science needs community … Teams organized around common goals People, resource, software, data, instruments… With diverse membership & capabilities Expertise in multiple areas required And geographic and political distribution No location/organization possesses all required skills and resources Must adapt as a function of the situation Adjust membership, reallocate responsibilities, renegotiate resources 48

49. What’s next ? https://twiki.grid.iu.edu/twiki/bin/view/Education/NextSteps Take the self-paced course: opensciencegrid.org/OnlineGridCourse Contact us: eot@opensciencegrid.org Periodically check OSG site: opensciencegrid.org

50. Acknowledgements (OSG, Globus, Condor teams and associates) Gabrielle Allen, LSU Rachana Ananthakrishnan, ANL Ben Clifford, Uchicago Alex Sim, BNL Alain Roy, UW - Madison Mike Wilde, ANL 50