1. Structural Transformation and Natural Resources in Africa （ Second Part ） Presented by Xia Li (Sherry)

2.  Poor performance of its primary sector : Exploration for mineral resources below its potential; Lack of agricultural transformation  Improvements: Recent boom in commodity prices brings the expected growth effects; Exports of processed products gains significantly on the back of the trade boom in natural resources ; Massive inflows of foreign investment helps job creation. The Primary Sector in Africa Past and Present

3. Exploration of Mineral Resources Below Its Potentials:  Previous attempts to diversify came at the expense of commodity production, particularly agriculture, and resulted in slow growth.  Exploration for geological deposits of resources has remained below its potential.  Much potential has been left untapped, reflecting difficult conditions, especially agricultural resources. Poor Performance

4. Lack of Agricultural Transformation:  Many countries did not overcome dependence and continue to suffer from the “resource curse”.  Instead of managing volatility, many governments exacerbated its effects through spending. The lack of financial access added to the problem.  Combinations of rent-seeking and insufficient transparency led to waste and continued dependence.  Environmental impacts often went unchecked. Poor Performance

5. Improving terms of trade and the reversal of past policies have led to the recent revival of the primary sector, contributing to growth and structural change  Africa is getting better at avoiding the resource curse.  High global demand led to an expansion of natural resource production.  Africa’s exports boomed and showed that growth in manufacturing exports can go side by side with a strong natural resource economy.  The expansion of natural-resource production has created a large number of jobs.  The expansion of proven reserves and resource production in Africa is set to accelerate. Improvements

6.  First Layer: providing the fundamentals such as high- quality public services, a favourable institutional and regulatory environment, capable government and access to finance and markets  Second Layer: the environment specific to the natural resource sectors  Third Layer: managing the special opportunities and challenges of natural resources  Fourth/Top Layer: the realm of active government policies pushing for structural transformation Four-layer Policy Approach

7. Policy Challenge:  Infrastructure is a particular challenge for land- abundant Africa: Energy provision remains the most important infrastructure obstacle; Transport costs remain a particularly severe bottleneck. The first two layers: Putting in place the right conditions for structural transformation based on natural resources

8.  Skill & Education:  The supply of skilled labour has been a crucial element of resource-based structural transformation;  The right skill mix for their resource endowments requires anticipating skill needs and making the most of foreign investment;  Applied research in natural resources has so far been Africa’s Achilles heel.  Making the most of Africa’s abundance of natural resources requires countries to benefit from the full talent pool available – men and women. The First Two Layers: Policy Challenges

9. Government Regulations:  Property rights and land management systems;  Competitive politics and broad-based tax systems;  Regional integration as well as better access to the markets of large partners;  Increasing effective market size. The First Two Layers: Policy Challenges

10.  Questions of Revenue Optimisation and Management:  The experience with state ownership in resource sectors is mixed and does not demonstrate that it is necessarily superior to private operations;  The objective of exerting more control through nationalisation has not generally been achieved;  The objective of retaining a larger share of the rents from resource sectors has only partly been fulfilled. The third layer: Managing natural resources

11.  Actions for Governments:  Improve tax collection in the extractive sector without harming investment;  A sustainable approach to revenue management that balances necessary investment with savings is more appropriate for developing countries than the conventional advice;  Initial revenue should be “invested in investing”;  transparency and accountability are crucial in constraining profligate government expenditures and ensuring truly counter- cyclical revenue management;  Direct distribution of resource revenues to citizens is another possible option. The third layer: Managing natural resources

12. Specific Actions for Governments: boosting the productivity of agriculture requires tailored interventions  Link large, formal firms to smallholders;  Commercialize agriculture;  Increase value-addition to agricultural commodities through processing;  Co-operate with the private sector to facilitate a commercialisation of agriculture;  Use divestment strategy where the public sector does not have a comparable advantage;  Help co-ordinate activities and attract FDI Layer 4: Promoting structural transformation

13. Specific Actions for Governments: promoting linkages  Opportunities for developing backward linkages can be supported by active co-operation between government and the private sector;  Government plays a major role in shaping framework conditions for upstream linkages by eliminating common market failures;  Local content provisions can be an effective policy tool to foster backward linkages;  Infrastructure development integrating the needs of lead firms and suppliers could particularly promote cross- linkages between mining and agriculture Layer 4: Promoting structural transformation

14.  1. Government interventions  2. Co-operations among nations  3. Education & Technology Policy Lessons: