1. THE NUCLEIC ACIDS

2. The history of DNA…. Friedrich Miescher Bavarie Oswald Avery Edwin Chargaff Meselsohn and Stahl Hershey and Chase Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin Let’s go to Tubingen and Naples

3. Friedrich Miescher in 1869 isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei of pus cells Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence it became called nucleic acid Chapter 1 …let’s go to Tubingen…

4. The circumstantial evidence for DNA… Griffifths Oswald Avery Chapter 3….let’s head to the US….

5. Transformation: Robert Griffith (1928)

6. DNA is the Transformer: Avery (1944)

7. Hershey-Chase and DNA The Hershey-Chase Experiment Review of Griffifth and Hershey-Chase

8. There are two types of nucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNA is found in the nucleus with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts RNA is found throughout the cell

9. DNA as genetic material: The circumstantial evidence 1. Present in all cells and virtually restricted to the nucleus 2. The amount of DNA in somatic cells (body cells) of any given species is constant (like the number of chromosomes) 3. The DNA content of gametes (sex cells) is half that of somatic cells. In cases of polyploidy (multiple sets of chromosomes) the DNA content increases by a proportional factor 4. The mutagenic effect of UV light peaks at 253.7nm. The peak for the absorption of UV light by DNA

10. 7.1.1 Describe the structure of DNA, including the antiparallel strands, 3’–5’ linkages and hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines

11. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE Nucleic acids are polynucleotides Their building blocks are nucleotides

12. NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE PHOSPATESUGAR Ribose or Deoxyribose NUCLEOTIDE BASE PURINESPYRIMIDINES Adenine (A) Guanine(G) Cytocine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)

13. Ribose is a pentose C1C1 C5C5 C4C4 C3C3C2C2 O

14. RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE CH 2 OH H OH C C C O H H H C CH 2 OH H OH C C H C O H H H C Spot the difference

15. THE SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE The nucleotides are all orientated in the same direction The phosphate group joins the 3 rd carbon of one sugar to the 5 th carbon of the next in line. P P P P P P

16. ADDING IN THE BASES The bases are attached to the 1 st carbon Their order is important It determines the genetic information of the molecule P P P P P P G C C A T T

17. DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE P P P P P P C G G T A A P P P P P P G C C A T T Hydrogen bonds

18. Working out the structure of DNA…

19. Let’s bring in Edwin Chargaff… Chargaff's Ratio's

20. Erwin Chargaff’s Data (1950-51)

21. Why the double helix? Pauling's triple helix

22. DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE The sister strands of the DNA molecule run in opposite directions (antiparallel) They are joined by the bases Each base is paired with a specific partner: A is always paired with T G is always paired with C Purine with Pyrimidine Thus the sister strands are complementary but not identical The bases are joined by hydrogen bonds, individually weak but collectively strong

23. Purines & Pyrimidines Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine

24. James Watson explains base pairing

25. Watson & Crick Base pairing

26. The Double Helix (1953) © Dr Kalju Kahn USBC Chemistry and Biochemistry Public Domain image

27. Wilkins & Franklin (1952): X-ray crystallography © Norman Collection on the History of Molecular Biology in Novato, CANorman Collection on the History of Molecular Biology in Novato, CA

28. DNA structure