2. Cementation of Dust Young Hun Yoon Peter Brimblecombe University of East Anglia School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

3. IMPACT OF VISITOR NUMBERS on DUST DEPOSIT HCP AEH OPH PREVIOUS WORK 2

4. PROBLEM - High Humidity - Biological attack - Chemical attack - Physical behaviour CEMENTATION ACCUMULATION Some large particles disappearing! BECOME DEEPLY EMBEDDED INTO FIBRE RH change 3

5. MOVING DUST! RH change Measured by Dr D Bowden & Created by Prof. Peter Brimblecombe 4

6. DUST SEPERATION COLOUR CHANGE Dust from proper left upper outer valance, KNOLE Fibre Particles Original Dust 18% w/w 82% w/w 5

7. A single particles adhered to fibre surface Many fine particles- fibre becomes dark colour DARK COLOUR COLOUR CHANGE 6 (a) (b)

8. Excrement or egg from insect…? 7

9. BACTERIAL EXOPOLYMERS Silk fibers and bacteria after three months of growth in high humidity. SEMs: A. Tarnowski & C. McNamara Appl.Bio. DEAS Harvard University 8

10. CEMENTATION OF DUST Humidity and pollutants may bind dust to underlying surfaces so sets cleaning frequency (Curtain from Eating Room) Cementation? 9

11. EXPERIMENT l Soil fines (63microns) + single fibre or l Mixed with traces of salt and sugar in small dish l Exposed for about 3 months in HCP, Knole, Dover Tunnel l Lab work - 4 weeks exposure (at RH 35, 70, 80, 98%) l Weighing 10

12. HIGH HUMIDITY EXPOSURE l Concreted at High Humidity Knole & Dover Tunnel Dust + sugar Dust + salt 11

13. COTTON AFTER A HUMID WINTER HCPKnole 12

14. Lab work: FIBRE WEIGHING Soil + NaCl Soil + Sugar Soil weight 13

15. Cotton Fibre + soil fines Lab work: FIBRE WEIGHING weight 14

16. weight Low humidity in HCP shows small activity on cementation! Exposures: FIBRE WEIGHING 15

17. Exposures: FIBRE WEIGHING Control : without salt and sugar weight 16

18. CONCLUSION - Cementation control - Cleaning frequency & 20

19. SALT ENCRUSTATIONS J.R.N. Tower Curing Works, reat Yarmouth 1880, Great Yarmouth Fish washing box near salt store in the building. 17

20. WOODEN BEAM WITH SALT SALT ENCRUSTATIONS – WOODEN BEAM WITH SALT Salt adhered onto the wooden ceiling Fish washing box and Plaster degraded of the wall. x4 Dionex 18 J.R.N. Tower Curing Works, reat Yarmouth 1880, Great Yarmouth Fish washing box near salt store in the building.

21. Plate 2. Traditional dust flaps at Nostell Priory Library DUST FLAPS : case study and application Plate1. Leather dust flaps at Library in Ickworth House Dust flap (Credit: Katy Lithgow, NT) 19

22. CONCLUSION - Cementation control - Cleaning frequency & 20