1. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Std-9 th Sub-Science & Technology Topic -Bonding With Ecosystems

2. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Introduction 16.1 Types of Biomes 16.2 Interaction between biotic & abiotic factors in an Ecosystem 16.3 Energy flow & its importance

3. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Ecosystem Biotic factors,abiotic factors & their interactions with one another together form an ecosystem Introduction

4. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Land Biomes Tropical rainforests Grass lands Temperature evergreen forests Hpt deserts Frozen tundras Taiga Aquatic Biomes Fresh Water Marine Water Biomes

5. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Ecosystem

6. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Tree Ecosystem

7. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Evergreen forest Ecosystem

8. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Desert Ecosystem

9. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Interaction Between biotic & abiotic factors in an Ecosystem  Different living organisms need different abiotic factors to survive some bacteria may need oxygen other may not.also, different living organisms have different levels of tolerance for different abiotic factors.  On the other hand, living organisms constantly take in or give out various abiotic factors. thus biotic factors are constantly depleting or adding to the abiotic factors in the ecosystem. Each biotic factors affects the quality of the abiotic factors around itself and thus affects the lives of the other biotic factors with it shares the ecosystem.

10. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Niche Niche is the ecological role and space that an organism that an organism fills in an ecosystem.

11. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems For Example The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients. providing shelter and food for other organisms and giving off oxygen into the atmosphere.

12. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Energy flow & its importance  We know that all organisms get the energy which they need to survive by breaking down food molecules. i) Autotrophs : Organisms that can make their own food by the process of photosynthesis is called autotrophs.  Properties : 1) Autotrophs make their own food. 2)All green plants are Autotrophs. 3)They are the producers of the living world.

13. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems ii) Heterotrophs : Organisms that can not make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called ‘heterotrophs’. They are the consumers of the living world.

14. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Consumers have the following levels : A) Primary consumers : Organisms that feed directly upon autotrophs are called primary or first level consumers. They are commonly called as ‘herbivores’. examples : seed-eating birds,elephants,fruit bats, etc.

15. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems B) Secondary consumers : Organisms that feed upon the primary consumers are called ‘secondary’ or second level consumers. They are commonly known as ‘carnivores’. Example : frogs, owls, foxes,etc.

16. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems C) ‘Apex carnivore’ : The final feeder that no one directly eats is called the ‘top’ or apex carnivore. Examples : tiger,leopard and eagle.

17. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems D) Omnivores : Organisms that feed on both autotrophs and heterotrophs are commonly called ‘omnivores’. Human beings are a good example of omnivores.

18. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Iii) Detritivores : Some organisms feed upon dead bodies of autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms they are called as ‘detritivores’. These are referred to as ‘scavengers’. Termites, crows, pigs are common scavengers. The decaying remains of dead organisms are called ‘detritus’. Common detritus eaters include a number of worms,shell-fish and crabs.

19. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems iv) Decomposers : The organisms that decompose or break down dead organisms and return the nutrients to the soil are called as ‘decomposers’. Example : fungi and bacteria

20. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Food chain & Food Web Grass Mouse Snake Eagle

21. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Food Web

22. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Energy Pyramid

23. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Each level in a food chain is called a trophic level or feeding level. Trophic levels are the feeding positions in a food chain. All the producers in an ecosystem form the first trophic level, the herbivores form the second trophic level, and the first level carnivores form the third trophic level. You must understand that a given living organism does not necessarily occupy the same trophic level at all times. 1) Grass Rabbit Snake Producers Herbivores Carnivores First trophic second trophic Third trophic level level level

24. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems 2) Grass Grasshopper Frog Snake First trophic second trophic Third trophic Fourth trophic level level level level

25. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Organisms at any trophic level do not pass on all the energy they have captured from the sun or the previous trophic level. Some energy is used up by them for carrying on their own activities such as breathing, growing and moving. Some energy is lost as heat while it is being converted from one form to another inside the organisms body. It is the only the energy left over after all these activities are carried out that is stored in the body tissues of the organisms and becomes available to the next trophic level. Sun producers herbivores carnivores Apex carnivores 10% 1% 0.1% 0.01%

26. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Energy leaving a trophic level is always much less than the energy that had entered it. That is why, if the total energy trapped from sunlight by a producer and the quantites of energy that get passed on to each trophic level thereafter is diagrammatically represented, a pyramidal figure is formed. We call this figure an ‘Energy Pyramid’. It shows at a glance how energy travels up a food chain. Most decomposers are fungi or bacteria. In the process of feeding, they use the energy left in dead matter and also cause the dead organic matter to break down into simple substances that easily mix with air, water or soil. From here, they are consumed by plants and soon find themselves once again at the beginning of a food chain.

27. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Decomposers are crucial biotic factors in any ecosystem. If it were not for decomposers, the nutrients that entered food chains would remain locked up forever in the wastes thrown out by the bodies of the organisms, and after their deaths, in their bodies. Less and less nutrients would remain available to plants, and through them, to other creatures, The wastes would go on building up around us till all life on earth would be overwhelmed by its own wastes. The ultimate source of energy in any ecosystem is the Sun. Part of the energy received by an ecosystem from the Sun is stored in food molecules by plants. When this energy is transferred from one trophic level to another trophic level, some part of energy is released in the form of heat and some part is utilized for metabolism. No energy in the ecosystem goes back to the sun.

28. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Cycle of nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem Though the flow of energy is unidirectional, the flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is cyclic. Plants absorb different nutrients from air, water and soil. These nutrients are transferred from one trophic level to another trophic level and so on.

29. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Finally the decomposers decompose the dead organisms and the wastes of living organisms return these nutrients back to air, water and soil, which is turn are absorbedby the plants Thus the flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is cyclic.

30. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems Nature’s mechanisms in maintaining balance Two main characteristics of an ecosystem are – 1. Unidirectional flow of energy. 2. Cyclic flow energy. Every ecosystem performs both these jobs. The health of an ecosystem is judged by efficiency in doing these jobs. The more the ecosystem diversity, more will be its capacity to keep energy and nutrients flowing. It is our prime duty to maintain the balance and preserve the biodiversity to enrich the biosphere

32. Logylogyat Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems A Presentation By- Miss.Waghambare Priya Vishwas -M.Sc. B.Ed.(Chem) Name of the School- Maharaja Sayajirao Vidyalaya,Satara.