1. 25.1 The Beginnings of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

2. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by new energy sources.
New Ways of Working
Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods.
Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

3. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges
Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers.
Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods

5. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Rotating Crops
Crop rotation—switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil
Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply. (Robert Bakewell: Lambs increased fro 18lbs to 50lbs
Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

6. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
Industrialization—move to machine production of goods
Britain has natural resources—coal for power, iron for machines, rivers for transportation, harbors merchants ships
Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment
Britain has all needed factors of production—land, labor, capital

7. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies
Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

9. Spinning Jenny

11. carding machine-replaces the hand process of combing out the fibers before they can be spun into yarn or thread.
“Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.

12. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Power loom, and spinning mule (next slide) speed up production, improve quality.

14. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

15. Inventions Spur Industrialization
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from Harper's Magazine, This carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

16. The Cotton Gin

17. Improvements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam Engine
Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine
James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton
Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks.
Matthew Boulton
James Watt

18. Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

19. Improvements in Transportation
Water Transportation
Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807
England’s water transport improved by system of canals

20. Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

21. Improvements in Transportation
Road Transportation
British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads. These were called “turnpike trusts”.
The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.

22. Improvements in Transportation
By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.
The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew

23. The Railway Age Begins Steam-Driven Locomotives
In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive

24. Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co
Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

25. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive
Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

26. The Railway Age Begins
In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line.
He is called the “Father of Railways”.
His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's standard gauge.

27. Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
The Railway Age Begins
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester

28. The Railway Age Begins
Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)

31. A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

32. The Railway Age Begins Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
Railroads spur industrial growth
Create hundreds of thousands of jobs
Cheaper transportation boosts many industries such as agriculture and fisheries
Led to urbanization or growth of suburban areas