1. Napoleon Bonaparte
Chapter 7
Sections 3, 4, 5

4. Napoleon Joined the army as part of the French Revolution
Led a troop of gunners to defend the delegates when royalists marched on the National Convention
hailed as a hero of the French Republic
Led armies against Austria, Sardinia and Northern Italy.
Disrupted English trade in India by advancing France’s trade
Lost a naval battle in Egypt (but remained a hero)

5. Coup d’Etat 1799 - the Directory lost control of France
People urged Napoleon to take control
Napoleon and troops drove out the majority of the members of the national legislature
The rest voted to dissolve the Directory and establish 3 consuls (included Napoleon)
Napoleon soon made himself dictator
Britain, Russia and Austria joined forces to drive Napoleon from power, but signed a treaty in 1802

6. Napoleon Rules France
a plebiscite was held to approve a new constitution
This gave Napoleon power as 1st consul
Napoleon supported laws that would restore order to France
Kept in mind the goals of the Revolution
Did not want to return to the days of Louis XVI

7. Napoleon’s Reforms Economic
Set up a more effective tax and banking system
Ended corruption and inefficiency in the government
Dismissed corrupt officials
St up lycees (gov’t run public schools)
Restored the Catholic Church
Signed a concordat with the pope
France recognizes the Church’s influence, but does not give it any control

8. Your Opinion Would you have supported Napoleon’s ideas? Why/why not?
Why would a country elect an emperor when they had just recently beheaded their king?

9. Napoleon’s Reforms Napoleonic Code - comprehensive set of laws
Went in reverse of the Enlightenment
Limited liberty, promoted order and authority over individual rights
Freedom of speech and press were restricted
Slavery reinstated in the Caribbean

10. Napoleon’s Empire 1804 - Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France
Supported by French voters
Crowned himself (meaning he was more powerful than the Church)
Wanted to control all of Europe and reassert France’s authority in the Americas

11. Napoleon’s Empire
Lost territory - after a rebellion in Saint Domingue, Napoleon gave up controlling the Americas
Island of Saint Domingue
Louisiana Territory
Gained territory - Austrian Netherlands and Italy
Controlled the government of Switzerland

12. * Had the largest empire since the Romans *
European Enemies
Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden allied against France
Napoleon crushed the allied armies in battle after battle
Forced Austria, Prussia and Russia to sign peace treaties
* Had the largest empire since the Romans *

13. Battle of Trafalgar Naval battle against Britain Napoleon’s only loss
Horatio Nelson destroyed half of the French fleet
Britain had naval supremacy for the next 100 years
Napoleon had to give up plans of invading Britain
Wanted to find other ways to crush the British

14. French Empire
Napoleon had control or influence over almost every country in Europe
Except: Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire
French Empire was very unstable- it lasted only 5 years ( )

15. Napoleon’s Mistakes
Continental System - a blockade to trade and communication from Great Britain
wanted to strengthen European trade and destroy Britain’s trade and industry
The blockade wasn’t effective
smugglers, allies of Napoleon, and his family members would ignore it
Did weaken Britain’s industry, but then Britain blockaded France

16. Napoleon’s Mistakes
Peninsular War - invaded Spain in order to reach Portugal (wanted them to accept the Continental System)
Spanish protested, so Napoleon removed their king from power and made his brother king.
Spanish were outraged, and also feared the weakening of the Church (like in France)
fought using guerrilla warfare, had aid from Britain
Napoleon could not defend against it
Italy and Germany began turning against the French as well

17. Napoleon’s Mistakes
Invasion of Russia - Russia refused to stop selling grain to Britain, and France and Russia suspected the other of trying to conquer Poland
June Napoleon and 420,000 marched on Russia
Russians were outnumbered, and so retreated until they had the advantage
Used the scorched-earth policy
burn fields, kill livestock, destroy towns - leave nothing for the enemy to re-supply

18. Napoleon’s Mistakes September 7, 1812 - Battle of Borodino
Russians retreated
Napoleon reached Moscow, but the Russian army had destroyed it
In October, Napoleon decided to travel back to France
Within weeks, snow began to fall
The Russians began to attack
Many French soldiers died in the attacks, but more died of exhaustion, hunger and cold
By the time the French army made it out of Russia, only 10,000 were left

19. Napoleon’s Downfall
While Napoleon was weak, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden joined forces against him
Later joined by Austria
Napoleon raised another army (untrained and ill-prepared)
Forces met at Leipzig, Napoleon’s army was crushed
March 1814~ the kings of Prussia and Russia led their troops in a victory parade through Paris
April 1814~ Napoleon surrendered, and was banished to the island Elba

20. The Hundred Days On Elba, Napoleon heard of Louis XVIII’s troubles
Louis XVI’s brother took the throne as Louis XVIII
Was extremely unpopular
On Elba, Napoleon heard of Louis XVIII’s troubles
inspired him to attempt to regain power
Escaped and landed in France, and was marched into Paris by a jubilant crowd
Became emperor again within days

21. The Hundred Days
The European Allies did not want Napoleon to remain emperor
British General Wellington prepared his army at Waterloo (in Belgium)
June 18, Napoleon attacked
The British were aided by the Prussians
2 days later, Napoleon was defeated
This defeat ended Napoleon’s grab for power (called the Hundred days)
Napoleon was sent to St. Helena to live in exile until his death

22. Review
Define the following terms: guerrilla, blockade, Continental system, scorched-earth, plebiscite, Napoleonic Code
What was the concordat Napoleon signed with the Catholic Church?
Why did Napoleon want to blockade Britain?
What were Napoleon’s 3 mistakes?
What happened at Leipzig?
Summarize Napoleon’s Hundred Days.

23. Congress of Vienna Outline ch 7, section 5
You should have information on the following topics
Why they met
5 Great Powers
Klemens von Metternich
Metternich’s 3 goals
The political changes caused by the CoV
The Latin American Revolutions

24. The Congress of Vienna
European leaders wanted to set up a lasting peace - lasted 8 months
Most of the decisions were made in secret by representatives of the five “great powers”
Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and France
Most influential representative - Klemens von Metternich (Austria)
Distrusted the ideas of the Revolution

25. Metternich’s 3 Goals
Containment (surround France with strong countries)
Netherlands was formed
German states joined - German Confederation
Switzerland became independent
Restore balance of power
Wanted France to be weakened, but not powerless
Legitimacy (Restore Europe’s royal families to the throne)
Ruling families of France, Spain and several others were placed back on the throne

26. Political Changes Britain and France - constitutional monarchies
Conservatives had control of Western and Central Europe
Russia, Prussia and Austria - absolute monarchs
signed the “Holy Alliance” to help keep down the forces of revolution
Concert of Europe - series of alliances that ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out

27. Revolutions - Latin America
With the overthrow and then reinstatement of the Spanish king, the Creoles and Peninsulares were competing for control over the Spanish colonies
The Spanish king took control, but he angered the Mexicans, who revolted
Other Spanish colonies began to declare their own independence
Brazil declared independence from Portugal