1. Mao’s Opposition Prior to 1949
Jiang-xi Period
Mao rejects Comintern Suggestions of Urban based CCP
Futian Incident 1930
Purges Jiang-xi Action Committee (JAC) and Red Army Battalion thinks he will purge Generals Zhu De and Peng Dehuai (They are not targets)
700 Shot and 70,000 more purged or killed as JAC is claimed to be tied to GMD Anti-Bolshevik League
Claim is false but Mao eliminates some opponents

2. Mao’s Opposition Prior to 1949
Encirclement Campaigns
Comintern Advisor Li De wants to abandon Guerilla Tactics
Revolutionary Military Council Agrees – Mao pushed out of leadership of Jiangxi Soviet
28 Bolsheviks emerge as new force (Wang Ming)
Conventional Warfare fails and disaster forces Long March
28 Bol.’s and Zhang Guotao crushed during Long March while Mao escapes
Zunyi Conference Zhou Enlai admits errors switches to Mao
Bo Gu and Otto Braun (28 Bol.’s) are fired
Mao’s agrarian revolution and Peasant led revolution and guerilla war adopted
Mao power grows, but not yet total power

3. Mao’s Opposition Prior to 1949
Yanan Years
Continues to resist Comintern
Rectification Campaign
Attacks old May 4 CCP members, remnants of 28 Bol.’s and potential Rivals
Traditional view is Mao was trying to create a Chinese version of Marxism/Leninism w/o slavishly following the Bolshevik model
Revisionism: Mao wants to eliminate rivals to his absolute leadership of the Party
Begins with speeches targets “mistakes” of his “friends” Wang Ming, Zhou Enlai etc…
Forced to confess or are purged arrested, censored, even tortured or shot (Confessions diminish all his opponents
Ally Chen Boda creates cult of personality around Maoist theory

4. Mao’s Opposition WWII 1945-49
Begins rapid land transfers to poor peasants
Peasants forced to join Red Army, brutal atrocities
Anti-landlord rallies
Kept outside for days, no shelter as landlords abused or killed
Many peasants freeze
CCP Protests and Mao gets Liu Shaoqui to take responsibility for abuse and claim Mao corrected problems
Boda continues Cult of Mao propaganda
Mass Line to indoctrinate Peasants directly is created
Potential Middle class opponents removed

5. Mao’s Opposition 1950-57 Land Reform 1950
Resumes harsh and rapid seizure of land from landlords
Wipes out remaining potential right wing land lords
Campaign against Counter-revolutionaries
Mass demonstrations v. US and Capitalists
People urged to identify spies
Within 6 months 700,000 dead and 500,000 imprisoned
Anti Campaigns
3 Anti v. corruption, waste, elitism, 5 Anti v. sabotage, tax evasion, bribes, fraud, theft
Thought Reform Movement attacks intellectuals as well as bourgeois/capitalist ideas (6500 professors/intellectuals re-taught)

6. Mao’s Opposition
Futian, Zunyi, Rectification eliminate many Party Opponents
Land reform, Anti-Counter-revolutionary, Anti-Campaigns and Thought Reform gut the right-wing opposition
100 Flowers campaign
1956 Mao feels it is ok for greater freedom of expression: “Let a 100 flowers bloom…”
Let intellectuals speak; Has the CCP been too heavy-handed?? (De-Stalinization is going on in Russia at the same time)
Initial fear to speak, then rush to point out corruption, inefficiency, when mild criticism of Mao emerges, door is slammed shut!
Spreads to universities, posters etc… for 6 weeks then halted by Mao
Anti-rightist movement in response
Forced to retract critiques, confess, re-educated, academics lose jobs
500,000 forced to labor reform, even Zhou Enlai forced to confess, no one safe

7. Mao’s Opposition 1950-57 Historiography of 100 Flowers
Genuine effort at rectification of the party
Give a voice to the people corruption and bureaucratization of the CCP
Safety valve to let off steam and shocked by the response
Avoid riots like those in Hungary
A confused “muddle”
Philip Short argues it was a totalitarian state trying to create some checks and balances
Mao misjudges the response, thought he would be loved
A trap designed to root out opponents

8. Opposition during the Great Leap Forward
Disaster of GLF leads the Lushan Conference 1959
Peng Dehuai recounts famine, dead and dying everywhere
No one supports him though all know it is true
Denounced as a trouble maker by Jiang Qing
All support Mao (Zhou Enlai gets drunk)
Mao threatens to use PLA v. traitors (i.e. anyone who mentions famine)
25% of Tibetans deliberately starved to crush opposition, language prohibited, religion, leaders imprisoned or flee
GLF continues until 1961 when it gets so bad the famine has to be acknowledge
Mao ‘retires” to “Second Front”

9. Radicals v. Pragmatists 1962-65
Late 1960, Famine worse, rebellion, 25% dead in some provinces and only PLA keeps rural areas under control
CCP turns to Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping (“Pragmatists” i.e. moderates)
Quietly abandon GLF
Private plots created, markets allowed, incentives, redistribute labor, Household Responsibility Contract allows peasants to keep and sell excess grain after their agreed quota is delivered
Mao sees this as capitalism, but it Works and Ind. and agri. recover
Mao feels left out (Short: “Was he pushed out or did he simply withdraw?”)
Mao tries to undermine Liu and Deng with the Social Education Movement to radicalize students
Liu and Deng send teams to schools to prevent unrest by explaining ideas to students

10. Towards the Cultural Revolution
Late 1960, Famine worse, rebellion, 25% dead in some provinces and only PLA keeps rural areas under control
CCP turns to Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping (“Pragmatists” i.e. moderates)
Quietly abandon GLF
Private plots created, markets allowed, incentives, redistribute labor, Household Responsibility Contract allows peasants to keep and sell excess grain after their agreed quota is delivered
Mao sees this as capitalism, but it Works and Ind. and agri. recover
Mao feels left out (Short: “Was he pushed out or did he simply withdraw?”)
Mao tries to undermine Liu and Deng with the Social Education Movement to radicalize students
Liu and Deng send teams to schools to prevent unrest by explaining ideas to students, don’t permit direct student mobilization

11. Towards the Cultural Revolution
Mao turns to Lin Biao and the PLA
Liu and Deng popularity is growing and some provincial CCP leaders reverse collectivized agriculture (Most still loyal to Mao)
Chen Boda the propagandist publishes the “Sayings of Mao (The Little Red Book)
Copies are distributed to every soldier, army is politicized and it spreads to civilians and schools (750 Million Copies)
Used in all school curriculums
Publish The Diary of Lei Feng , a false story of a man that lives his entire life only according to the sayings of Mao
Jiang Qing forms radical Maoist Group the Shanghai Forum to eliminate all western influence in the arts, anti-socialism and class enemies
Play The Dismissal of Hai Rai from Office describes dismissal of a good official by a corrupt emperor (Peng v. Mao at Lushan)

12. Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing, wife of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong, became well-known in Chinese cultural circles for promoting Maoist themes in the arts. After Mao’s death in 1976, she and three radical associates, dubbed the Gang of Four, were arrested for planning a coup. Jiang was convicted and sentenced to death, which was later commuted to life imprisonment.

13. Towards the Cultural Revolution
Biao and Qing denounce the author Wu Han as a rightist and then denounce the Group of Five formed to heal CCP divisions
Use it as excuse to attack Moderates Liu and Deng who are linked to Wu Han
May 1966 Mao message says bourgeois (!!!!) have sneaked into the CCP
The Central Cultural Revolutionary Group (CCRG) a sub committee of the Politburo is dominated by Maoists and they purge Wu Han and the Group of Five
Shanghai Forum dominates the CCRG

14. The Cultural Revolution 1966-76
Mao’s Motives?
Reassert his authority
Stop CCP from becoming a bureaucracy
Change cultural values (attack western and traditional values still present)
Provide the youth with revolutionary challenge
May 1966 CCRG groups incite students to rebel
Teams sent by Liu to control this fail this time and Red Guard Units start to form
August Mao gives approval to R.G.’s and issues wall posters telling them to attack CCP HQ
Biao organizes 1 mi. R.G.’s in rally in August and urged to attack teachers and CCP officials who have become capitalist
Attack the “Four Olds”: thought, culture, practices, customs
Youth response is terrifyingly intense, nothing in China’s past is worth preserving

15. Factions During the Cultural Revolution
Maoist Faction
Closely associated with Mao
Believed in continual revolution, mass campaigns
Believed in virtues of “red over expert”
Members included Mao, Jiang Qing (wife) Ken Shang
Party Bureaucrats
Leaders of the party apparatus in Secretariat
Believe in pragmatic economic development using incentives to increase production
Respected Mao but disliked his romantic views of change
Great Leap policies were misplaced and damaging
Members included Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping

16. Government Faction Military Faction
Composed of governmental officials in administration
Ideologically closer to party bureaucrats but members has close personal relations with Mao
Knew their skills would be necessary to administer China
High managerial ability
Zhou Enlai identified with this faction
Military Faction
Internally divided between followers of Lin Biao who supported Mao and Lo Juijin who favored a strong, conventional PLA
People’s militay vs. regular military
Improvement in relations with Russia favored by PLA

17. The Cultural Revolution 1966-76
Deng and Liu are demoted and then dismissed in October 1966, Liu dies in prison 1969 and Deng is reeducated
RG’s told to attack officials, teachers, intellectuals, middle class, landlords, rich peasants, “bad elements”
PLA provides transport, Security Minister orders police not to intervene, Secret Police Chief identifies targets for RG’s
Mass psychosis: youth believe special role, Mao is God, peer pressure, herd instinct, easier that studying
Brutal beatings, criticism and self-criticism, struggle, airplane position
Forced to greater extremes to prove loyalty
Mao withdraws and Biao and Qing run it

18. The Cultural Revolution 1966-76
Out of Control by late 1966
Rebel RG groups emerge
Workers form Peoples Communes and fight RG’s
Verge of Civil war
1000’s die in clashes between RG’s factions
Rebels take over some local gov’t’s and Mao gives them support
Ceremonial cannibalism of Rightists in Guangxi
Zhou Enlai demands order
1967 real civil war possible and Mao finally frightened
PLA sent in and terrorizes RG’s into submission
PLA sets up Revolutionary Committees in each province
Purge is moderated but continues
Mao implements “Up to the Mountains, down to the Village” program
RG’s are to go to country and learn from peasants (12 mi. do this) (cynical way to get rid of RG’s)

19. Results of the Cultural Revolution 1966-76
Liu, Deng, revisionists/pragmatists purged although Deng is reinstated in 1973
Cult of Mao is Supreme
500,000 dead
20-30 Million exiled to countryside/Minor economic disruption
May 7th Schools created (Officials get yearly Maoist training)
Is this a permanent rectification campaign?
Education Collapses, no school for several years
When it resumes it is all political consciousness/indoctrination training not educatiom
Art and literature completely sterile or destroyed
PRC isolated particularly after attacks on froeign embassies and riots in other countries

20. Lin Biao
Lin Biao was a Chinese Communist military leader who won fame as the commander of the Fourth Field Army, which helped defeat Chinese Nationalist forces in 1949, then fought on the side of the North Koreans the following year. Lin was designated to succeed Communist Chairman Mao Zedong in the late 1960s, and during that period he helped lead the Cultural Revolution in China. He allegedly died in a plane crash in 1971 after a failed coup against Mao, in which he was said to have taken part.

21. Results of the Cultural Revolution 1966-76
The fate of Lin Biao
Mao and Zhou become unnerved over border clashes with the USSR
Several major fights occur
Mao sends out discrete feelers to the US proposing better relations to offsetUSSR
Biao opposes US outreach
Biao accused of organizing a military takeover (Unclear if this was real or a way for Mao to get rid of Biao)
Biao allegedly is discovered, tries to flee to the USSR and is killed in a plane crash
Only evidence are photos of the crash site so it is unclear if the story is true or simply a way to kill Biao w/o embarrassing Mao
Hurts Mao anyway as his infallibility is put in question

22. V. The Cultural Revolution in China
A. Background to the Cultural Revolution
B. Start of the Cultural Revolution
C. End of the Cultural Revolution
D. Lin Biao's Bid For Power
E. Death of Zhou Enlai
F. Death of Mao Zedong and the Fall of the Radicals

23. Barefoot Doctors in China
                                             
Barefoot Doctors in China
"A 'barefoot' doctor is a peasant who does part-time medical work... With their medical kits slung over their shoulders, they called on patients in their homes, and when not occupied with medical tasks, they worked barefoot in the paddy fields. The peasants recognized this type of doctor as their own and fondly gave them the name. Hsingkuang Production Brigade has some 290 households with a total population of 1298 organized into seven teams. The brigade provides a house for the co-operative medical station and assigns two 'barefoot' doctors and one midwife there... These two 'barefoot' doctors are very close to the people and serve them devotedly. There are many moving stories about Shen Pennan, a young man, and the young woman Hsing Yichen... Shen's formal education was only five years of primary school. After two months' training in the commune hospital, he began serving as 'barefoot' doctor in the brigade..."

24. This year, in many areas and in every province, productivity has been extraordinarily high. These are the results of the commune-based system, of the coordination of efforts under the lead o the Party... and of the intelligent application to local conditions of the eight points of the Agricultural Charter..."

25. Gang of Four
During China’s Cultural Revolution ( ), Zhang Chunqiao, Jiang Qing, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen, clockwise from top right, developed a series of radical political campaigns with the support of Communist Party leader Mao Zedong.
The campaigns caused ten years of chaos and violence. After Mao’s death in 1976, the group was dubbed the Gang of Four, and each was tried and convicted of crimes associated with the Cultural Revolution.

26. Hua Guofeng
In 1976 Hua Guofeng became premier of China and chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. He resigned from both posts in the early 1980s.

27. Deng Xiaoping
After Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping became the most influential political official in China. Deng was the force behind the Communist government’s easing of cultural and political policies and push for economic modernization that occurred during the 1980s. He also ordered the military crackdown in June 1989 on the students demonstrating for democratic reforms at Beijing’s Tiananmen Square.

28. Hu Yaobang
Two days after Hu Yaobang’s death in April 1989, thousands of students from Beijing universities marched to Tianamen Square and laid wreaths at the Monument to the People’s Heroes in honor of the former CCP Secretary-General who had been forced to resign his post in January 1987.

29. Zhao Ziyang
Communist Party Secretary Zhao Ziyang urging students in Tianamen Square to end their hunger strick. Later he would tearfully admit,” I came too late, I came too late,” but he assured them that “The problems that you have raised will eventually be resolved.”
They weren’t resolved. Zhao Ziyang would be purged by the hardliners in the Politburo

30. Prescribed Subject 3: Communism in Crisis Area 1: The Struggle for Power following the Death of Mao, Hua Guofeng, the re-emergence of the of Deng Xiaoping and the Defeat of the Gang of Four

31. The Struggle for Power following the Death of Mao
Background: The Radicals and the Pragmatists battle for control of the CCP
From 1971 Zhou Enlai and Mao run the party but both are ageing
1972 Zhou diagnosed with cancer
Mao struggles to keep balance between the Pragmatists and Radicals

32. The Struggle for Power following the Death of Mao
Not clear which group will govern when Mao dies
Debate on Economic Policy
Radicals what continued central control, mass mobilization, production targets based on quantity and speed
Pragmatists/modernizers led by Deng and Zhou (dies 1976) want gradualism, quality of production, incentives and wage variations
Critical issue arrives in
Deng and Zhou propose the 4 Modernizations

33. The Struggle for Power following the Death of Mao
The Gang of Four
Even after disaster of Cult. Rev. radicals are a major force in the CCP
Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunquiao, Yao Wenyuan were pe[art of the Shanghai Forum and the CCRG.
Wang Hongwen: Shanghai union leader is 4th member
Rapid rise gives him nickname; the Helicopter

34. The Struggle for Power following the Death of Mao
Group will be labeled the Gang of Four
1973 three are put on the Politburo
Wang is presented as Mao’s successor!!!
Mao seems concerned about G4’s power and brings Deng back to Central Committee in 1973
Radicals launch propaganda attack on Zhou in 1973
Criticize Confucius and Lin Biao Campaign
Zhou dies 1976 but Mao makes Hua Guofeng, Hunan Party Secretary the new Premier (unknown, compromise candidate not a part of either faction)