1. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Claude-Louis Navier
George Gabriel Stokes

2. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Mach Number: M = u/c - u speed object - c constant speed of sound
- Ersnt Mach, physicist who studied gas dynamics
Properties of the flow
Pressure
Velocity
Temperature
Density
Thermodynamics
Normaly an isentropic flow
Enrst Mach

3. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Two main factors that contribute to the flow over an object
Viscosity
Compressibility factor
To describe the flow of gas we use the Navier-Stokes equations

4. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Equation of continuity Compressible fluid
Imcompressible fluid
Equation of conservation of momentum
Equation of conservation energy

5. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Types of flow
Subsonic flow (M<1)
Transonic flow (around M=1)
Supersonic flow (M>1)
Hypersonic flow (M>5)

6. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Subsonic flow
Ignore Compressibility factor below M<0.3
Viscocity must be taken into account
Incompressible flow
Lockheed C-130 Hercules (Mach 0.5)
Schweitzer 2-33A Glider (Mach 0.07)

7. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Bell X-1 (Mach 1)
October 14th,1947
Chuck Yeager
Transonic flow
Compressibility factor and viscocity of the fluid must be taken into account
Increase in drag and not a stable speed to fly in
Shockwaves start to appear

8. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
SR-71 Blackbird (Mach 3.2)
Supersonic flow
Must take compressibility into account
Viscosity can be neglected
Shockwaves are created

9. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
X-15 (Mach 10)
Hypersonic flow (above Mach 5)
Aerodynamic heating occurs (caused by friction and compression)
Compressible flow

10. Supersonic flow and shockwave
Sonicboom
Caused by an object breaching the speed of sound
Object continously produces air-pressure waves.
The actual sound is created by the sudden offset of the release of the pressure waves.
Sound Barrier

11. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Occurs as the airplane compresses air molecules faster than they can move away from the airplane.
Biggest concern when it comes to supersonic flight
Can be harmful to humans and animals even after the shockwaves have decayed

12. Supersonic flow and shockwaves

13. Supersonic flow and shockwaves

14. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Space shuttle has to reach a vertical speed of Mach 25 to to be able to reach orbit.
Cheaper more efficient ways of getting to space are being developed everywhere

15. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
Future developments
Low shockwave emission aircraft
Faster airplanes
Cheaper ways of getting to space
New designs for supersonic transport aircraft

16. Supersonic flow and shockwaves
The end