1. Chapter 1 Introduction to communication

2. What is communication? Communication is the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual or electronic medium.

3. When your communication can be effective? For your message to be effective you need to make sure that your message precise, practical and persuasive. Provide practical information Give facts rather than vague impressions Present information in a concise, efficient manner Clarify expectations and responsibilities Offer compelling, persuasive arguments and recommendations

4. The communication process The sender has an idea Sender encodes the idea in a message Sender produces the idea in a medium Sender transmits the message through a channel Audience receives the message Audience decodes the message Audience responds to the message Audience provides feedback to the sender

6. Communication Barriers Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment. Thus, for example, the natural barrier which exists, if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites. Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems. Staff shortages are another factor which frequently causes communication difficulties for an organization. Whilst distractions like background noise, poor lighting or an environment which is too hot or cold can all affect people's morale and concentration, which in turn interfere with effective communication.

8. System design faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organization. Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know who to communicate with. Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them

10. Attitudinal barriers come about as a result of problems with staff in an organization. These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks, or just resistance to change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas.

12. Psychological factors such as people's state of mind. We all tend to feel happier and more receptive to information when the sun shines. Equally, if someone has personal problems like worries about their health or marriage, then this will probably affect them.

14. Different languages and cultures represent a national barrier which is particularly important for organizations involved in overseas business.

16. Individual linguistic ability is also important. The use of difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent people from understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. We can all think of situations where we have listened to something explained which we just could not grasp