1. Diencephalon

2. Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

3. Thalamus clacifications
1-Pineal gland
2-Habenular nuc.(trigon)
3-Post.comissure
4-Stria medularis thalami
Epithalamus:
1-Anterior nuc. Group
2- Medial nuc. Group
3-Lateral nuc. group
Pars dorsalis
Thalamus proper (thalamus):
Metathalamus:
Thalamus clacifications
Ventral & lateral geniculate nuc
1 Medial nuc. Group
2-Lateral nuc. group
Hypothalamus:
Pars ventralis
1- Reticular nuc.
2- Zona incerta
3- Nucleus of the fields of Forel
4- Subthalamic nuc.
Subthalamus
(Ventral thalamus):

12. Epithalamus Pineal body Habenular trigones Stria medullares
Posterior commissure

14. Habenular nuclei

15. Pineal gland or Epiphysis

19. HYPOTHALAMUS

21. Boundaries :
Hypothalamus
Superior : The hypothalamic sulcus separating it from the thalamus
Inferior : Optic chiasma , tuber cinereum and mamillary bodies .
Anterior : Prepotic area ( from optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and anterior commissure )
Poster : The tegmentum of the mid brain
Medial : The third ventricle
Lateral : The internal capsule & optic tract

23. Cytoarchitectural organization (Nuclei) :
Medially
1- Anterior hypothalamic region
Suprachiasmatic
Supraoptic
Preoptic
Anterior
Paraventricular
2- Middle hypothalamic region
Arcuate or infundibolar
Ventromedial
dorsomedial
3- Posterior hypothalamic region
Mamillary body
posterior
Laterally
Lateral
Lateral tuberal

24. Afferent connections :
1- Medial forebrain bundle
2- Hippocampo-hypothalamic fibers
3- Amygdalo-hypothalamic fibers
4- Brainstem afferents
5- Retino-hypothalamic fibers
6- Cortico-hypothalamic fibers
7- Forebrain afferents

25. Efferent connections :
1- Medial forebrain bundle
2- Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
3- Mammillary efferent fibers
4- Descending hypothalamic projections
5- Hypothalamocortical fibers
6- Supraoptic decussations
7- Supraopticohypophysial tract
8- Tuberohypophysial tract

27. Functional considerations :
1- Coordination of the autonomic nervous system
2- Regulation of body temprature
3- Maintenancce of water balance
4- Control of anterior pituitary
5- Control of reproductive functions
6- Control of growth
7- Control of food intake
8- Control of emotional behavior
9- Hypothalamus and sleep

28. Three Methods of Hypothalamic Control over the Endocrine System

30. Control of anterior pituitary

33. Coordination of the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic functions : - Water balance
- internal secretion
- sugar and fat metabolism
- temprature regulation
Chief subcortical center for the regulation of both sympathetic & parasympathetic activities
- ventricular portion of the tuber cinerum
- Ant & med hyp. R. (supraoptic & preoptic)
control of sympathetic activities - lat & post hyp. R.
control of parasympathetic activities

34. Coordination of the autonomic nervous system
autonomic nucleus of spinal cord
Mamillary body
Hypothalamus
Polysynaptic connections
Lacrimal
Salivatory
GI tract
Mamilotegmental tract
Medial forbrain bundle
Mesencephal tegmental
Periventricular fibers
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Parasympathetic nucleus of brain stem

35. Regulation of body temprature
hyperthermia
Ant hypothalamus : sensitive to hyperthermia (hyperpyrexia)
Mechanism for Dissipation of excess heat :
1) sweating
2) vasodilation of the cotaneous blood vessels
3) Thirst
hypothermia
Post hypothalamus: sensitive to hypothermia
Mechanisms for heat conservation & heat production :
1) vasoconstriction of the cotaneous blood vessels
2) ceastion of sweat secretion
3)Augmentation of visceral activities oxidation
4)Shivering of somatic muscles
Thus :
Coordination of sympathetic & parasympathetic response regulation of body temprature

36. Maintenance of water balance
Supraoptic n. (ADH) Kidney:
1) reabsorption of renal water,Nacl & bicarbonate
2) alter the osmotic permiability of water in the distal and collecting tubules B:
Ant region on the hyp thirst consumption of water C:
Lat hypo at the level of ventromedial n Reduction in water intake

37. Control of growth : GH releasing factor Ant lobe of hypophysis
Growth of bone & soft tissue

38. Ventromedial n. :Satiety
Control of food intake
Lat hypothalamic n. : feeding center

39. Control of emotional behavior
1) Lat region of the ant hyp : flight responses
2) Ventromedial n. : aggressive responses
Coordination of sympathetic & parasympathetic response

40. Hypothalamus and sleep
Tuberomammillary n.
Raphe n “sleep centers” Pontine reticular
formation
Intralaminar & reticular thalamic nuclei