1. Changes in Medieval Society
Growing Food Supply
Switch to horsepower
The three-field system
The Guilds
Organization of individuals in the same business
Merchants came together to keep prices up
Wealth helped them gain influence over government and economy

2. Commercial Revolution
Expansion of trade and finance
Town fairs
Trade to foreign lands
Life in the city
Large amounts of credit and cash
Letters of credit
Banking by Jews and Christians

3. Urban life flourishes Towns swelled with people
Streets were narrow, filled with animals and waste
Lack of fresh water, air and light
Serfs could be free
Burghers; resented interferences, demanded privileges

4. The Revival of learning
Jewish scholars translated Arabic texts
Science, philosophy, law and math
Technology in ships, navigation and weapons
Universities
Vernacular writings
Thomas Aquinas and his scholastics
Developed democratic institutions and
traditions

5. Keeping Order in the Middle Ages

8. Keeping order for the more harden criminal