1. Mark Scheme

3. Economic Development and ecosystem degradation BIODIVERSITY UNDER THREAT Learning Intentions: To understand what economic developments can do to ecosystems

4.  There are an estimated 13-14 million species in the world. How many of those have been recorded and described?  A: 1.75 million B: 5 million C: 7 million D: 11 million Question 1 The answer is A

5.  What is the biggest threat to species?   A: Habitat loss B: Hunting, fishing and collecting C: Alien invasive species Question 2 The answer is A Habitat loss and degradation affect 89% of all threatened birds, 83% of mammals, and 91% of threatened plants.

6.  How many plant species are used in medicines worldwide?  A: 100 - 200 B: 1,000 - 2,000 C: 10,000 - 20,000 D: 100,000 - 200,000 Question 3 The answer is C In addition, 10 of the world’s 25 top-selling drugs in 1997 were derived from natural sources. Aspirin originally came from willow tree extracts, and an estimated 75% of the world’s population use traditional medicines derived directly from natural sources.

7.  The Rosy Periwinkle is a plant species native to Madagascar. What condition is it used to treat?  A: Kidney stones B: Heart disease C: Leukaemia D: Rheumatism Question 4 The answer is C Originally native to Madagascar, the Rosy Periwinkle is now grown throughout the world and is also used to treat Hodgkinson disease.

8.  Which country has the most endangered plants in the world?  A: Indonesia B: Malaysia C: Ecuador D: Brazil Question 5 The answer is C Ecuador has the most with 975. Malaysia has the second-most with 683, followed by Indonesia with 383 and Brazil with 381.

9.  Wild wheat varieties found in Turkey have a genetic property valued at $US50 million a year. What is it?  A: Resistance to pesticides B: High levels of vitamin A C: Resistance to plant disease D: Twice yearly crops Question 6 The answer is C Similarly, Ethiopian wheat varieties have provided protection from viral pathogens to barley now grown in California worth US$160 each year.

10.  The Sumatran tiger is at risk of extinction. Which everyday product is behind the threat?  A: Hamburgers - the tiger’s rainforest home is being cut down to make way for cattle.  B: Paper - logging companies are exploiting the forests for paper pulp.  C: Toothpaste - workers collecting an ingredient from the sap of a certain tree are disturbing the tiger’s breeding cycle.  D: All of the above are true. Question 7 The answer is B Loss of forest habitat is a major threat to the Sumatran tiger. The remaining animals are being pushed back by logging companies which exploit Indonesia's lowland rainforests to supply the world with paper pulp.

11.  What happened when a predatory snail from the US was introduced on the Pacific island of Moorea to control an imported African edible snail?  A: The edible snails shells were too tough to crack, so the predatory snails died out.  B: The predatory snail picked up a local disease, which was then carried back to the US in imported goods.  C: Instead of eating the African edible snail, the predator turned on a local species, which is now at risk of dying out.  D: The predatory snail was palatable to a local monkey species, and the sudden abundance of food triggered a population explosion. Question 8 The answer is C Alien species, particularly those introduced by migrating humans - affect 30% of all threatened birds and 15% of all threatened plants.

12.  During the 1990s, by how much was the Earth's forest cover reduced every minute?  A: 0.37 football pitches B: 3.7 football pitches C: 37 football pitches D: 370 football pitches Question 9 The answer is C This takes into account the 1.8 of the world’s forest cover which was regained through reforestation during the decade, as well as the 4.2% which was lost due to threats such as logging, land clearance for agriculture and forest fires.

13.  Dinosaurs were wiped out in the mass extinction 65 million years ago - or were they? Which modern day group of animals do many experts say are technically dinosaurs?  A: Crocodiles B: Komodo dragons C: Frogs D: Birds Question 10 The answer is D Many palaentologists believe birds descend directly from a particular group of dinosaurs called the Maniraptorians. Some experts say that strictly speaking the birds still belong to this group.

14.  What is the difference between degradation and destruction? Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation

15.  Degradation – loss of quality  Destruction – loss of an ecosystem, total clearance  In many Savannah areas of Africa and in some rainforests, a secondary forest mosaic has replaced the pristine forest. The relationship between ecosystem state and economic development is a complex one a balance between players and pressures. Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation

16.  What do you think the relationship is? Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation DEVELOPMENT STATE OF ECOSYSTEM

17. Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation

18.  Areas can be classified as  Pristine  Degraded  Protected  What is meant by each and can you think of any examples Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation

19. Udzungwa Mountains Masai MaraSt. Lucia Pristine AreaA Degraded area A protected area  Using the hand outs describe and explain the impact economic development has on ecosystems…using the examples Economic Development and Ecosystem Degradation

20. You need to make sure you: Include maps, and locate study area Include some facts and figures Identify the players Degradation Case Study  Each pair will be assigned one of the 3 locations  You must then create a fact file for homework, which you will then give to the rest of the class so you have a fact file for each

21. Which is better?  These case studies identify the conflicts that can occur between local people and wider world when it comes to biodiversity.  So what is better top down or bottom up approaches?