1. Glacier
Notes

2. Cryosphere
All of the frozen areas on Earth's surface where water exists in its solid form
sea ice
ice shelves
icebergs
ice sheets
glaciers
lake ice
river ice
snow
permafrost

3. Glacial Overview What are they? How do the form? How do they move?
What kinds of features do they form?

4. Glaciers Mass of ice formed by the recrystallization of snow under
Mass of ice formed by the recrystallization of snow under
its own weight
Compacted snow becomes “firn”
More snow has to be added
than melted in the previous
year's worth of snowfall so
that it can accumulate in layers

6. Types of Glaciers
1. Ice sheets (continental glaciers) -- cover large areas of land
2. Valley (alpine) glaciers -- form at mountain tops and flow down valleys

7. Glacier: a Flowing River of Ice
Mountain (Alpine)
Continental (Ice Sheets)

8. How Glaciers Move

9. Glacial Zones Zone of Accumulation Snowfall exceeds ablation
Ablation – reduction in glacial ice by sublimation, melting, or calving
Zone of Melting (Ablation) (Wastage)
Ablation exceeds snowfall

11. Anatomy of a Glacier

13. Erosional Features

14. U-Shaped Valley / Fjord / Trough

16. Hanging Glacier

17. Cirque
A semicircular or amphitheater-shaped feature created as glaciers scour back into the mountain

18. Arete
Steep-sided, sharp-edged bedrock ridge formed by 2 glaciers eroding away on opposite sides of the ridge

19. Horn A pyramid-shaped mountain peak created by several glaciers
eroding away at different sides
of the same mountain

20. Glacial Striations
Lines etched in bedrock under glaciers as individual particles of rock embedded in the glacier scratch the bedrock

21. Horn
Arete
Cirque

22. The Matterhorn
In the Swiss alps

23. ? ? ?

24. Glacial Deposits Glacial deposit is called till.
Glaciers pick up everything in their path, even the largest boulders.
Large amounts of sediment can be carried long distances by glaciers.

25. Depositional Features

26. Moraines A mound or ridge of till deposited by a glacier
The different places along a glacier’s advance will result in the different types of moraines
Lateral (Sides)
Medial (Middle)
Terminal (End)

27. Lateral Moraine
Unconsolidated material deposited along the sides of an alpine glacier

28. Medial Moraine
When two alpine glaciers flow together, their lateral moraines join, forming a medial (middle) moraine

29. Terminal/End Moraine

30. Formation of end moraine
The terminus of a glacier may remain stationary for years.
The sediment piles up in a ridge called an end moraine.
If this marks the furthest extent of the glacier it is a terminal moraine.

31. Retreating Glacier
End moraine

33. medial moraine
lateral moraine

35. Esker
Long ridge formed by sediment deposition in sub-glacial streams

36. Kettle Lakes
Formed by melting ice chunks in glacial debris

37. Drumlin
A long, narrow, smooth hill of unstratifited glacial till. Points in the direction of flow.

38. Erratics
Large boulders left behind after glaciers retreat

39. Southernmost extent of continental glacier
Continental Glaciation Landform Features
Southernmost extent of continental glacier

42. Retreat of South Cascade Glacier, Washington