1. HiMA and EME tellenbosch Kim Jenkins SAT Seminar Australian Delegation 6 th September 2011 6 th September 2011

2. Principle of HiMA A building block in providing Perpetual Pavement = Long lasting road = Revêtements durables = Duurzame verhardingenA building block in providing Perpetual Pavement = Long lasting road = Revêtements durables = Duurzame verhardingen M Thomson (2004) Perpetual? “It’s a hell of a long time”M Thomson (2004) Perpetual? “It’s a hell of a long time”

3. . Perpetual Pavements

4. 4 Principle Perpetual Pavement Multi-layer system function for asphalt mixturesMulti-layer system function for asphalt mixtures Bottom layers: durable, high resistance against fatigue, good resistance to ruttingBottom layers: durable, high resistance against fatigue, good resistance to rutting Binder layer: durable, high resistance to ruttingBinder layer: durable, high resistance to rutting Top layer: specific requirementsTop layer: specific requirements

5. Perpetual pavements: is there a strain limit below which there is no fatigue??? Log N Log ε 60με? Endurance limit Lower layer: Fatigue, higher bitumen content Sufficiently low strain level No fatigue?

6. EME: Enrobe a Module Eleve EME has the following specific properties:EME has the following specific properties: –Increased stiffness –Increased resistance against fatigue –Increased resistance against permanent deformation EME is used in base layersEME is used in base layers

7. Applications EME Special heavy loaded lanesSpecial heavy loaded lanes Bridge decksBridge decks Industry areasIndustry areas Airport pavementsAirport pavements Perpetual pavementsPerpetual pavements Important: check the low temperature crackingImportant: check the low temperature cracking

8. EME The properties are achieved by:The properties are achieved by: –Hard bitumen: special production process, special crudes (no polymers added) –Higher bitumen content –Optimised grain distribution –Low voids content Mix design according French norm NF P 98-140Mix design according French norm NF P 98-140

9. Sabita HiMA T 2 project Phase IV Drafting of guidelines and specs Phase III Validation through APT,LTPP and lab study Phase II Preliminary mix and structural design guidelines Phase I Feasibility study CSIR

10. Flexural stiffness (Bending test) EU RM 0/20 CRM 0/14 C Complex Modulus At 10 Hz [MPa] Complex Modulus at 10 HZ [MPa] Temperature -10 C 0 C 10 C 15 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 5 22800 21000 17200 15000 12800 8800 4500 3.9 28000 23100 17200 14100 11100 5900 2600

11. Comparison of HMA Moduli © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za CSIR

12. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Permanent deformation (RSST-CH) CSIR

13. Fatigue results (10 °C 25 Hz) CSIR

14. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za French mix design – to SA ParameterRequirementResultSA equivalent test Workability (Gyratory compactor) Max 6% voids after 100 gyrations 5.7 %Gyratory Durability (Duriez test) Retained strength: >0.7 0.9Modified Lottmann Rutting (Wheel tracker) Rut depth after 30 000 cycles <7.5 mm 5.2 mmRSST-CH, Wheel tracking Beam dynamic modulus 15 °C-10 Hz: >14 GPa 17 GPaBeam or cylinder dynamic modulus Fatigue (Prism) με for 10 6 fatigue life: >130 90 μεBeam fatigue CSIR

15. Gyratory study CSIR

16. French SUPERPAVE CSIR 0.82° 1.25°

17. Guideline Select components Formulate design grading Select binder content Compact gyratory specimens Workability criteria met? Durability criteria met? Dynamic modulus criteria met? Compact slab Rut resistance criteria met? Fatigue criteria met? Implement! Yes No Yes No Yes No CSIR

18. Aggregate selection PropertyTestMethodCriteria HardnessFines aggregate crushing test: 10 %FACTTMH1, B1≥ 160 kN Aggregate crushing value ACVTMH1, B1≤ 25% Particle shape & textureFlakiness Index testSANS 3001≤ 25 Particle index testASTM D3398>15 Polished stone valueSANS 3848>50 a Water absorption Water absorption coarse aggregate (>4.75mm) TMH1, B14≤ 1.0 % Water absorption fine aggregateTMH1, B14≤ 1.5 % CleanlinessSand equivalency testTMH1, B19≥ 50

19. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Grading D=14

20. Test sites in UK for high trafficked areas (>80 MESA)

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27. Changes after the surveys Based on the survey the following changes were made for construction :Based on the survey the following changes were made for construction : –Temperatures: paver out temperature >140 ºC.Compaction completed before the temperature falls below 120 ºC –Air voids < 6%, air voids 100 mm from any unsupported edge < 8%

28. EN 13924: 2006. Hard Paving grade

29. EN 13924:2006. Hard paving grade

30. Binder properties Test Ref 20/30 Modified 20/30 (2011) 10/20 (2011) 15/25 Spec Penetration (10 -1 mm) 2529 232215-25 Softening Point ( o C) 62.864.4 57.262.255-71 Viscosity @ 60 o C (Pa.s) 27131318 8322375>550 RTFOT: Softening Point ( o C)69.268.261.667.6 ≥ Orig. (Min +2) (Retained Penetration (10 -1 mm)) % of Original (19) 69 (20) 69 (18) 78 (16) 72.7≥ 55

31. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za

32. Conclusions HiMA is recognised as having potential for application in SAHiMA is recognised as having potential for application in SA EU tests adapted for SAEU tests adapted for SA Special grade of binder neededSpecial grade of binder needed Mix design procedure & guide in placeMix design procedure & guide in place APT and LTPP still requiredAPT and LTPP still required Field adaptations in SA still neededField adaptations in SA still needed

33. Way forward in SA Validate improved mix design,Validate improved mix design, Perform APT and LTPP,Perform APT and LTPP, Finalize mix design and structural design guidelinesFinalize mix design and structural design guidelines

34. Get it right!!!!....or You’ll have to dig deep to escape your potholes Thank you!