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Is Everything an Argument?

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Presentation on theme: "Is Everything an Argument?"— Presentation transcript:

1 Is Everything an Argument?
Hilstein-American Literature Is Everything an Argument? A Look at Argument, Persuasion, and Rhetoric

2 Argumentation-Persuasion
Hilstein-American Literature Argumentation-Persuasion Everyone has experience arguing- “Do it.” “Why?” “Because I said so.” “You can’t possibly expect me to believe what you are saying.” “Look, I know what I’m talking about, and that’s that.” But- In writing or oration, it is using clear thinking and logic to convince audience of the soundness of a particular opinion, especially on controversial topics.

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Differences between… Argument- purpose to document objectively to prove a point Persuasion- purpose to shake up readers and motivate them to act The two are usually combined because most people respond rationally and emotionally.

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It’s not just words An argument can be any text (whether written, spoken, or visual) that expresses a point of view. Pair Share: What are some types of arguments that you see in daily life that you wouldn’t think are actually arguments?

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BUMPER STICKERS What are some of the arguments being shared?

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ADVERTISEMTNS What is Taylor selling?

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PROPAGANDA What is the baby urging you to do?

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CARTOONS What does this cartoon claim?

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SOCIAL MEDIA

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PUBLIC PERSONA

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SIGNAGE

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Purpose of Argument Inform Act (action) Convince Meditate and pray Explore Think Make decisions Do All of those daily arguments have a purpose. What are the types of purposes?

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Elements of Argument: Claims Data/Evidence Warrants Counter Claims The Appeals (logos, pathos, ethos), Fallacies Claim: The overall thesis the writer will argue for. Data: Evidence gathered to support the claim. Warrant (also referred to as a bridge): Explanation of why or how the data supports the claim, the underlying assumption that connects your data to your claim. Backing (also referred to as the foundation): Additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant. Counterclaim: A claim that negates or disagrees with the thesis/claim. Rebuttal: Evidence that negates or disagrees with the counterclaim.

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What is a claim? An arguable statement In effect, someone who offers an argument for a position is making a claim, providing reasons to support that claim, and implying that the premises make it reasonable to accept the conclusion. Other terms: argument, thesis

15 There are three types of claim
Hilstein-American Literature There are three types of claim Claims of fact assert that something is true or not true. Claims of value assert that something is good or bad, more or less desirable. Claims of policy assert that one course of action is superior to another.

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Data/Evidence Information gathered to support the claim. Evidence can include data, experience, observations, reading, etc.

17 Warrant (also referred to as a bridge)
Hilstein-American Literature Warrant (also referred to as a bridge) Explanation of why or how the data supports the claim, the underlying assumption that connects data/evidence to the claim.

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What is a Counter Claim The part of an argument in which a speaker or writer counters opposing points of view. It can also be referred as a counter argument or refutation. The rebuttal is the evidence used to negate or disagree with the counter claim. Counterclaim: A claim that negates or disagrees with the thesis/claim. Rebuttal: Evidence that negates or disagrees with the counterclaim.

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What is the claim?

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What are the claims?

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What is the claim?

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What is the claim?

23 Hilstein-American Literature Aristotelian Appeals
Logos, Ethos and Pathos Aristotelian Appeals

24 Aristotle’s Three Ways to Persuade
Hilstein-American Literature Aristotle’s Three Ways to Persuade Logos Ethos Pathos

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Who is Aristotle? Aristotle ( BCE) is the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato. Aristotle wrote on an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.

26 What is logos, ethos, and pathos?
Hilstein-American Literature What is logos, ethos, and pathos? Logos = Logic Ethos = Ethics, Image Pathos = Emotions (Passion)

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Logos, Ethos, Pathos Using logos, ethos, and pathos will help you to master the art of persuasion. • Through language, you will be able to change the point of view of others! • Through language, you will be able to motivate others to take action!

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Logos Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

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Logos

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Logos Example Unemployment Rates in California for the last 10 years

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Ethos Ethos is an argument based on character. Using ethos means the writer or speaker appeals to the audience’s sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the audience as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical. “I am an ethical expert, so believe what I say.”

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Ethos Example: Quote: “Changes in professional football are producing a faster, more pass-oriented game.” Repertoire: NFL Quarterback and Champion Why is Peyton Manning credible?

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Ethos

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Pathos Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

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Pathos Example: Advertisement for wrinkle cream How does this advertisement appeal to emotion? Why?

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Pathos

37 What is this? Ethos, Pathos, Logos?
Hilstein-American Literature What is this? Ethos, Pathos, Logos?

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Logos, Ethos, Pathos Think of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos as your Three Amigos

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Review Logos = logic Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

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Review Ethos = Ethics / Image Ethos is an argument based on character. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the reader as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical.

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Review Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

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What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is the art of persuasion and study of effective speaking and writing The goal of persuasion is to change others’ point of view or to move others to take action. Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing. And the art of persuasion. And many other things. In its long and vigorous history rhetoric has enjoyed many definitions, accommodated differing purposes, and varied widely in what it included. And yet, for most of its history it has maintained its fundamental character as a discipline for training students 1) to perceive how language is at work orally and in writing, and 2) to become proficient in applying the resources of language in their own speaking and writing. (See rhetorical pedagogy) Discerning how language is working in others' or one's own writing and speaking, one must (artificially) divide form and content, what is being said and how this is said (see Content/Form).

43 Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing.
Hilstein-American Literature Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing. Rhetoric studies the effectiveness of language comprehensively, including its emotional impact, as much as its propositional content. Rhetoric is how language and thought work together thinking speaking writing

44 Rhetorically Speaking…
Hilstein-American Literature Rhetorically Speaking… You will evaluate rhetorical strategies You will argue using rhetorical strategies

45 Rhetorical strategies-
Hilstein-American Literature Rhetorical strategies- Literary devices: symbolism, irony, metaphor, imagery, alliteration, etc Language devices: syntax, repetition, connotation, denotation, diction, etc Fallacies: scare tactics, bandwagon See for many more…


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