1. Targeted Monitoring, Outreach, and Education: Traditional Brick Kilns, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora James R. Anderson, PhD Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program Arizona State University

2. Funding from USEPA 2006,2007 (through BECC in 2007) In collaboration with: Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality and Regional Center for Border Health, Inc.

4. Outline: 1.Review of monitoring results from 2006 study. 2.New results on lead emissions from kilns. 3. Plans for 2007 indoor monitoring, education, and outreach.

5. 1.Approx. 130 brick kiln sites in the urban area of San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, concentrated within three small colonias ladrilleras. 2.Brick-makers’ families live at the brick-making sites. 3.Some of the local schools are either near to or surrounded by brick kiln sites. Background

6. Active burning stage – about 1 day, black smoke dominated by soot, fine soil dust, and “brown carbon”. Smoldering phase another 2 days. Plume tends to stay close to surface for significant distances.

7. Fuels – anything that burns, but wood and particle board are favored because of brick quality that results. 1. Particle board scrap (with plastic facing) 2. Unpainted wood 3. Painted wood from demolition of old buildings (4. Old tires.)

12. Suumary of Results from 2006 Study a.PM10 concentrations on the order of 2000  g/m 3 or higher are emitted from kilns near ground level during the active burning and smoldering phases of brick making in the colonias. (Highest PM10 was about 4000  g/m 3 ) b. During active burning and smoldering, about 70% of the PM10 measured was present as PM2.5 and therefore easily respired. c.During certain periods of sampling, high concentrations of fine particles with significant lead content were detected, mostly in the form of lead chloride. d. Canister samples found elevated concentrations of a number of organic gases in kiln smoke relative to ambient background (such as1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene).

15. While we did not directly measure the mass loading of Pb, a reasonable estimate from this data is that in an actively burning plume with 2000-4000  g/m 3 PM10 the Pb content might be on the order of 50-100  g/m 3 Current Pb standard in both US and Mexico is a quarterly average of 1.5  g/m 3 While this standard may or may not be exceeded in the colonias, what are the health effects of repeated exposures to high levels of Pb?

16. 2007 project plans with RCBH collaboration: 1.Indoor PM10 monitoring of 2 houses and at school 2.Questionnaire for residents of 2 studied colonias to assess awareness of health issues, including awareness of Pb toxicity. 3.Development of outreach materials. 4.Education and outreach activities in 2 colonias. 5.Also, compilation of health and school absentee data from area around colonias by working with Sec. de Salud Publica

17. Goals: 1.Document health hazards associated with current brick making methods. 2.Develop outreach materials that emphasize risks to children's health from the kiln smoke. 3.Convince brick makers to stop using painted boards as fuel. 4.Contribute to the on-going effort by city and state officials to reduce the health risks from kiln operations.

18. PM sampling in Nogales, AZ Dec. 2005-Jan. 2006 J. Anderson, J. Allen, P. Herkes Arizona State University Supported by Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality

19. Nogales January 2006 PM 2.5 FRM ADEQ PM 2.5 BAM PM 10 FRM ADEQ PM 10 BAM 6-h ChemVol ASU 24-h ChemVol ASU 6-h Filters ASU 24-h Filters ASU 24-h HiVol ASU Streaker, SEM Sampler, SMPS Inlet, AMS Inlet ASU

20. PM 2.5 Concentrations (BAM)

21. Fine Particle Number Concentrations Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer

25. Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Quantitative determination of non-refractive PM 1.0 composition

26. Fine Organic PM Mass-to-Charge 57 characteristic of hydrocarbons, e.g. C 4 H 9 +

27. High Volume samples analyzed for a number of organic compounds – One key species identified is a marker for burning of white plastic bags. A number of others are known or suspected carcinogens. (results will be presented in final report for the project)

28. Nogales: Toxic Elements in PM Note: 1999-2001 Dec-Jan data from ADEQ; 2005 Dec-2006 Jan data by ASU; IMPROVE urban site in Seattle, Washington by Maykut et al. 2003. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 5135-5142

29. Report on Nogales results should be available in Spring 2008.