1. Lecture 4,5 Mathematical Induction and Fibonacci Sequences

2. Mathematical induction is a powerful, yet straight- forward method of proving statements whose domain is a subset of the set of integers. Usually, a statement that is proven by induction is based on the set of natural numbers. This statement can often be thought of as a function of a number n, where n = 1, 2, 3,... Proof by induction involves three main steps –Proving the base of induction –Forming the induction hypothesis –Proving that the induction hypothesis holds true for all numbers in the domain. What is Mathematical Induction? mashhoood.webs.com2

3. Let P(n) be the predicate defined for any positive integers n, and let n 0 be a fixed integer. Suppose the following two statements are true 1.P(n 0 ) is true. 2.For any positive integers k, k  n 0, 3. if P(k) is true then P(k+1)is true. If the above statements are true then the statement:  n  N, such that n  n 0, P(n) is also true What is Mathematical Induction? mashhoood.webs.com3

4. Claim: P(n) is true for all n  Z +, for n  n 0 1.Basis –Show formula is true when n = n 0 2.Inductive hypothesis –Assume formula is true for an arbitrary n = k where, k  Z + and k  n 0 3.To Prove Claim –Show that formula is then true for k+1 Note: In fact we have to prove 1)P(n 0 ) and 2)P(k)  P(k+1) Steps in Proving by Induction mashhoood.webs.com4

5. Example 1 Prove that n 2  n + 100  n  11 Solution Let P(n)  n 2  n + 100  n  11 1.P(11)  11 2  11 + 100  121  111, true 2.Suppose predicate is true for n = k, i.e. P(k)  k 2  k + 100, truek  11 3.Now it can be proved that P(k+1)  (k+1) 2  (k+1) + 100, Ûk 2 + 2k +1  k +1 + 100  k 2 + k  100 (by 1 and 2) Hence P(k)  P(K+1) Proof by Induction mashhoood.webs.com5

6. Example 1 Prove that n 2  n + 100  n  11 Solution Initially, base case Solution set = {11} By, P(k)  P(K+1)  P(11)  P(12), taking k = 11 Solution set = {11, 12} Similarly, P(12)  P(13), taking k = 12 Solution set = {11, 12, 13} And, P(13)  P(14), taking k = 13 Solution set = {11, 12, 13, 14} And so on Validity of Proof mashhoood.webs.com6

7. Reasoning of Proof Example 2 Use Mathematical Induction to prove that sum of the first n odd positive integers is n 2. Proof Let P(n) denote the proposition that Basis step : P(1) is true, since 1 = 1 2 Inductive step : Let P(k) is true for a positive integer k, i.e., 1+3+5+…+(2k-1) = k 2 Note that: 1+3+5+…+(2k-1)+(2k+1) = k 2 +2k+1= (k+1) 2 ∴ P(k+1) true, by induction, P(n) is true for all n  Z + Another Proof Another Easy Example mashhoood.webs.com7

8. Reasoning of Proof Example 3 Use mathematical Induction to prove that n < 2 n for all n  Z + Proof Let P(n) be the proposition that n < 2 n Basis step : P(1) is true since 1 < 2 1. Inductive step : Assume that P(n) is true for a positive integer n = k, i.e., k < 2 k. Now consider for P(k+1) : Since, k + 1 < 2 k + 1  2 k + 2 k = 2.2 k = 2 k + 1 ∴ P(k+1) is true. It proves that P(n) is true for all n  Z +. mashhoood.webs.com8

9. The harmonic numbers H k, k = 1, 2, 3, …, are defined by Use mathematical induction to show that Proof Let P(n) be the proposition that Basis step : P(0) is true, since, Inductive step Assume that P(k) is true for some k, whenever n is a nonnegative integer. Example 4: Harmonic Numbers mashhoood.webs.com9

10. ∴ P(k+1) is true. Hence the statement is true for all n  Z +. Now consider Example 4: Harmonic Numbers mashhoood.webs.com10

11. Fibonacci Sequences Dr Nazir A. Zafar Advanced Algorithms Analysis and Design

12. In this lecture we will cover the following: Fibonacci Problem and its Sequence Construction of Mathematical Model Recursive Algorithms Generalizations of Rabbits Problem and Constructing its Mathematical Models Applications of Fibonacci Sequences Today Covered mashhoood.webs.com12

13. By studying Fibonacci numbers and constructing Fibonacci sequence we can imagine how mathematics is connected to apparently unrelated things in this universe. Even though these numbers were introduced in 1202 in Fibonacci’s book Liber abaci. Fibonacci, who was born Leonardo da Pisa gave a problem in his book whose solution was the Fibonacci sequence as we will discuss it today. Fibonacci Sequence mashhoood.webs.com13

14. Statement: Start with a pair of rabbits, one male and one female, born on January 1. Assume that all months are of equal length and that rabbits begin to produce two months after their own birth. After reaching age of two months, each pair produces another mixed pair, one male and one female, and then another mixed pair each month, and no rabbit dies. How many pairs of rabbits will there be after one year? Answer: The Fibonacci Sequence! 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,... Fibonacci’s Problem mashhoood.webs.com14

15. Construction of Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com15

16. Total pairs at level k = Total pairs at level k-1 + Total pairs born at level k (1) Since Total pairs born at level k = Total pairs at level k-2 (2) Hence by equation (1) and (2) Total pairs at level k = Total pairs at level k-1 + Total pairs at level k-2 Now let us denote F k = Total pairs at level k Now our recursive mathematical model will become F k = F k-1 + F k-2 Construction of Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com16

17. Since F k = F k-1 + F k-2 F 0 = 0, F 1 = 1 F 2 = F 1 + F 0 = 1 + 0 = 1 F 3 = F 2 + F 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 F 4 = F 3 + F 2 = 2 + 1 = 3 F 5 = F 4 + F 3 = 3 + 2 = 5 F 6 = F 5 + F 4 = 5 + 3 = 8 F 7 = F 6 + F 5 = 8 + 5 = 13 F 8 = F 7 + F 6 = 13 + 8 = 21 F 9 = F 8 + F 7 = 21 + 13 = 34 F 10 = F 9 + F 8 = 34 + 21 = 55 F 11 = F 10 + F 9 = 55 + 34 = 89 F 12 = F 11 + F 10 = 89 + 55 = 144... Computing Values using Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com17

18. Theorem: The fibonacci sequence F 0,F 1, F 2,…. Satisfies the recurrence relation Find the explicit formula for this sequence. Solution: Let t k is solution to this, then characteristic equation The given fibonacci sequence Explicit Formula Computing Fibonacci Numbers mashhoood.webs.com18

19. Fibonacci Sequence For some real C and D fibonacci sequence satisfies the relation mashhoood.webs.com19

20. Fibonacci Sequence Dr Nazir A. Zafar Advanced Algorithms Analysis and Design mashhoood.webs.com20

21. After simplifying we get which is called the explicit formula for the Fibonacci sequence recurrence relation. Fibonacci Sequence mashhoood.webs.com21

22. Example: Compute F 3 Verification of the Explicit Formula mashhoood.webs.com22

23. Fibo-R(n) if n = 0 then 0 if n = 1 then 1 else Fibo-R(n-1) + Fibo-R(n-2) Recursive Algorithm Computing Fibonacci Numbers Terminating conditions Recursive calls mashhoood.webs.com23

24. Least Cost: To find an asymptotic bound of computational cost of this algorithm. Running Time of Recursive Fibonacci Algorithm mashhoood.webs.com24

25. Recursion Tree Drawback in Recursive Algorithms F(n) F(n-1)F(n-2) F(0)F(1) F(n-2)F(n-3) F(n-4) F(1)F(0) mashhoood.webs.com25

26. Statement: Start with a pair of rabbits, one male and one female, born on January 1. Assume that all months are of equal length and that rabbits begin to produce two months after their own birth. After reaching age of two months, each pair produces two other mixed pairs, two male and two female, and then two other mixed pair each month, and no rabbit dies. How many pairs of rabbits will there be after one year? Answer: Generalization of Fibonacci Sequence! 0, 1, 1, 3, 5, 11, 21, 43, 85, 171, 341, 683,... Generalization of Rabbits Problem mashhoood.webs.com26

27. Construction of Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com27

28. Total pairs at level k = Total pairs at level k-1 + Total pairs born at level k (1) Since Total pairs born at level k = 2 x Total pairs at level k-2 (2) By (1) and (2), Total pairs at level k = Total pairs at level k-1 + 2 x Total pairs at level k-2 Now let us denote F k = Total pairs at level k Our recursive mathematical model: F k = F k-1 + 2.F k-2 General Model (m pairs production): F k = F k-1 + m.F k-2 Construction of Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com28

29. Recursive mathematical model (one pair production) F k = F k-1 + F k-2 Recursive mathematical model (two pairs production) F k = F k-1 + 2.F k-2 Recursive mathematical model (m pairs production) F k = F k-1 + m.F k-2 Generalization mashhoood.webs.com29

30. Since F k = F k-1 + 2.F k-2 F 0 = 0, F 1 = 1 F 2 = F 1 + 2.F 0 = 1 + 0 = 1 F 3 = F 2 + 2.F 1 = 1 + 2 = 3 F 4 = F 3 + 2.F 2 = 3 + 2 = 5 F 5 = F 4 + 2.F 3 = 5 + 6 = 11 F 6 = F 5 + F 4 = 11 + 10 = 21 F 7 = F 6 + F 5 = 21 + 22 = 43 F 8 = F 7 + F 6 = 43 + 42 = 85 F 9 = F 8 + F 7 = 85 + 86 = 171 F 10 = F 9 + F 8 = 171 + 170 = 341 F 11 = F 10 + F 9 = 341 + 342 = 683 F 12 = F 11 + F 10 = 683 + 682 = 1365... Computing Values using Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com30

31. Statement: Start with a different kind of pair of rabbits, one male and one female, born on January 1. Assume all months are of equal length and that rabbits begin to produce three months after their own birth. After reaching age of three months, each pair produces another mixed pairs, one male and other female, and then another mixed pair each month, and no rabbit dies. How many pairs of rabbits will there be after one year? Answer: Generalization of Fibonacci Sequence! 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 19, 28, 41, 60,... Another Generalization of Rabbits Problem mashhoood.webs.com31

32. Construction of Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com32

33. Total pairs at level k = Total pairs at level k-1 + Total pairs born at level k (1) Since Total pairs born at level k = Total pairs at level k-3 (2) By (1) and (2) Total pairs at level k = Total pairs at level k-1 + Total pairs at level k-3 Now let us denote F k = Total pairs at level k This time mathematical model:F k = F k-1 + F k-3 Construction of Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com33

34. Since F k = F k-1 + F k-3 F 0 = 0, F 1 = F 2 = 1 F 3 = F 2 + F 0 = 1 + 0 = 1 F 4 = F 3 + F 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 F 5 = F 4 + F 2 = 2 + 1 = 3 F 6 = F 5 + F 3 = 3 + 1 = 4 F 7 = F 6 + F 4 = 4 + 2 = 6 F 8 = F 7 + F 5 = 6 + 3 = 9 F 9 = F 8 + F 6 = 9 + 4 = 13 F 10 = F 9 + F 7 = 13 + 6 = 19 F 11 = F 10 + F 8 = 19 + 9 = 28 F 12 = F 11 + F 9 = 28 + 13 = 41... Computing Values using Mathematical Model mashhoood.webs.com34

35. Recursive mathematical model (one pair, production after three months) F k = F k-1 + F k-3 Recursive mathematical model (two pairs, production after three months) F k = F k-1 + 2.F k-3 Recursive mathematical model (m pairs, production after three months) F k = F k-1 + m.F k-3 Recursive mathematical model (m pairs, production after n months) F k = F k-1 + m.F k-n More Generalization mashhoood.webs.com35

36. Fibonacci sequences Are used in trend analysis By some pseudorandom number generators Many plants show the Fibonacci numbers in the arrangements of the leaves around the stems. Seen in arrangement of seeds on flower heads Consecutive Fibonacci numbers give worst case behavior when used as inputs in Euclid’s algorithm. Applications of Fibonacci Sequences mashhoood.webs.com36