1. Survival of the Fittest
Adaptation, Mutation, and Finches?

3. Natural Selection
Natural selection means that traits that offer an advantage will most likely be passed on to offspring; individuals with those traits have a better chance of surviving.

4. Lemurs of Madagascar

5. Amazonian Frogs

6. Humans select traits for dogs, pigeons and other animals when they breed them.
Bred Pigeons came from a single original species
Who selects the traits for wild plans & animals?

7. Survival of the Fittest
NOBODY!!
There is no agent involved in natural selection.
Natural selection is a process of elimination
INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE TRAITS THAT ARE BEST ADAPTED FOR THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT ARE THE ONES THAT SURVIVE TO BREED AND PASS ON THEIR GENES TO THE NEXT GENERATION.
Organisms not possessing the beneficial traits either die or don’t have as many offspring.
Natural Selection is
Survival of the Fittest

8. Survival of the fittest?
The individuals that survive are not always the strongest, fastest, or smartest. Therefore, "survival of the fittest" may not be the best way to describe what natural selection really is as it applies to evolution.
Darwin meant "fittest" to mean the one best suited for the immediate environment. This is the basis of the idea of natural selection.
The individual of the population only needs to have the most favorable traits to survive in the environment. It should follow that individuals who have the favorable adaptations will live long enough to pass down those genes to their offspring.
Individuals lacking the favorable traits, in other words the "unfit", will most likely not live long enough to pass down the unfavorable traits and eventually those traits will be bred out of the population.
The unfavorable traits may take many generations to decline in numbers and even longer to disappear completely from the gene pool.
This is evident in humans with the genes of fatal diseases are still in the gene pool even though they are unfavorable for the survival of the species.

9. Natural Selection is a mixture of both Chance and necessity
Natural Selection is not goal directed. It does not have a long term goal.

10. What are pressures that act on a population?
Competition for food
Competition for a mate
Changes in the environment
Predators
Parasites

11. Examples of selection pressures...
Predators - variants with adaptations allowing them to escape predators have more offspring
e.g. speed, defensive weapons, camouflage, mimicry
Prey/Food - variants with adaptations allowing them to obtain food have more offspring
e.g. Speed, senses for finding prey/food, weapons for killing prey or obtaining food, camouflage for stealth
Climate - those who can survive new climate best have more kids
e.g. ice age, change in climate due to migration.
Mates - variants with adaptations allowing them to attract a mate to have offspring
- e.g. strong, attractive, good provider

12. Mechanism for change in a population of organisms
Animals who have greater fitness survive in environment and live to reproduce
Random changes (mutations) can lead to greater or less fitness
Adaptations allow an organism to survive better in their environment

13. Natural Selection vs. Selective Breeding
Process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.
Method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation.

14. *Follow along with your video note sheet!

15. Let’s Review
Do you remember these guys?

16. The adaptation of a population in response to pollution.
“Industrial Melanism”- darkness- of the skin, feathers, or fur. Acquired by a population of animals living in an industrial region where the environment is soot-darkened.

17. Example: Peppered Moths
Manchester, England from 1845 to 1890.
Before the industrial revolution, the trunks of the trees in the forest around Manchester were light grayish-green due to the presence of lichens.

18. Most of the peppered moths in the area were light colored with dark spots.
As the industrial revolution progressed, the tree trunks became covered with soot and turned dark.
Over a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common.

19. Can you see the moths?

20. Natural Selection Mouth parts External color Behavior ex: beaks, teeth
Summary: Environmental Influence due to organism adaptation.
Mouth parts
ex: beaks, teeth
External color
ex: fur, scales, feathers
Behavior

21. Galapagos Islands
1850’s: Charles Darwin described how organisms might change over time.
Theory of Evolution
5 years of observations on the islands.

22. The Galapagos Island
The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation
The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich vegetation.

23. Galapagos Finches

24. The Galapagos Island
Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.
Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another.
The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited.

26. Animals found in the Galapagos
Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas

27. Animals

28. The Journey Home
Darwin Observed that characteristics of many plants and animals vary greatly among the islands
Hypothesis: Separate species may have arose from an original ancestor

29. Selective breeding Domestic Animals Plants:
Summary: Human Influence on characteristics and behavior.
Domestic Animals
Ex: Chickens, Dogs, Cows
Plants:
Ex: Corn, Brasilica, Fruit hybrids

30. Domestic Animals
Various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment.

31. Boxer Pug Bull Terrier Basset Hound
A shorter face means a host of problems. The modern Boxer not only has a shorter face but the muzzle is slightly upturned. The boxer – like all bracecyphalic dogs – has difficulty controlling its temperature in hot weather, the inability to shed heat places limits on physical performance. It also has one of the highest cancer rates.
Pug
The Pug is another extreme brachycephalic breed and it has all the problems associated with that trait – high blood pressure, heart problems, low oxygenation, difficulty breathing, tendency to overheat, dentition problems, and skin fold dermatitis. The highly desirable double-curl tail is actually a genetic defect, in more serious forms it leads to paralysis.
Basset Hound

36. How many types of apples are there?
Hybrid Fruits
Nectarcots
Pluots
How many types of apples are there?