1. Few examples on calculating the electric flux
Find electric flux

2. Gauss’s Law

3. Applications of the Gauss’s Law
Remember – electric field lines must start and must end on charges!
If no charge is enclosed within Gaussian surface – flux is zero!
Electric flux is proportional to the algebraic number of lines leaving
the surface, outgoing lines have positive sign, incoming - negative

4. Examples of certain field configurations
Remember, Gauss’s law is equivalent to Coulomb’s law
However, you can employ it for certain symmetries to solve the reverse problem – find charge configuration from known E-field distribution.
Field within the conductor – zero
(free charges screen the external field)
Any excess charge resides on the
surface

5. Field of a charged conducting sphere

6. Field of a thin, uniformly charged conducting wire
Field outside the wire can only point
radially outward, and, therefore, may
only depend on the distance from the wire
l- linear density of charge

7. Field of the uniformly charged sphere
Uniform charge within a sphere of radius r
Q - total charge
- volume density of charge
Field of the infinitely large conducting plate
s- uniform surface charge density

8. Charges on Conductors
Field within conductor
E=0

9. Experimental Testing of the Gauss’s Law

10. Stable equilibrium with other constraints
Earnshaw’s theorem
A point charge cannot be in stable equilibrium in electrostatic field of other charges
(except right on top of another charge – e.g. in the middle of a distributed charge)
Stable equilibrium with other constraints
Atom – system of charges with only Coulombic forces in play.
According to Earhshaw’s theorem, charges in atom must move
However, planetary model of atom doesn’t work
Only quantum mechanics explains the existence of an atom

11. Electric Potential Energy
Concepts of work, potential energy
and conservation of energy
For a conservative force, work can always
be expressed in terms of potential energy difference
Energy Theorem
For conservative forces in play,
total energy of the system is conserved

12. Potential energy U increases as the test charge q0 moves in the direction opposite to the electric force : it decreases as it moves in the same direction as the force acting on the charge

13. Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges

14. Electric potential energy of two point charges

15. Example: Conservation of energy with electric forces
A positron moves away from an a – particle
a-particle
positron
What is the speed at the distance ?
What is the speed at infinity?
Suppose, we have an electron instead of positron. What kind of motion we would expect?
Conservation of energy principle

16. Electric Potential Energy of the System of Charges
Potential energy of a test charge q0
in the presence of other charges
Potential energy of the system of charges
(energy required to assembly them together)
Potential energy difference can be equivalently described as a work done by external force required to move charges into the certain geometry (closer or farther apart).
External force now is opposite to
the electrostatic force

17. Electric Potential Energy of System
The potential energy of a system of two point charges
If more than two charges are present, sum the energies of every pair of two charges that are present to get the total potential energy

18. Reading assignment: 23.3 – 23.5