1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. SIT IN ROWS TAKE OUT A PEN AND PAPER Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. If I asked you to stay like this for 3 hours, how would you react? How would a 6 year old react? …11 year old react? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. True or False: Physical Development in Middle Childhood (pp. 225–231) _____ 1. Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet higher in fruits and vegetables and lower in fried foods and _____ 1. Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet higher in fruits and vegetables and lower in fried foods and soft drinks. soft drinks. _____ 2. Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity. _____ 2. Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. T/F _____ 3. By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more _____ 3. By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than their normal-weight peers. behavior problems than their normal-weight peers. _____ 4. Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma. _____ 4. Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. T/F _____ 5. Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in _____ 5. Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in school-age children. school-age children. _____ 6. In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping. _____ 6. In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. T/F _____ 7. Only about 25 percent of U.S. children participate in organized sports at some time between ages 5 and 18. _____ 7. Only about 25 percent of U.S. children participate in organized sports at some time between ages 5 and 18. _____ 8. Most contemporary researchers agree that training in competitive sports is the best way to reach the least _____ 8. Most contemporary researchers agree that training in competitive sports is the best way to reach the least physically fit school-age children. physically fit school-age children. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Answers: 1. T 1. T 2. F 2. F 3. T 3. T 4. T 4. T 5. T 5. T 6. F 6. F 7. F 7. F 8. F 8. F Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. True or False: Physical Development in Middle Childhood (pp. 225–231) ___T__ 1. Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet higher in fruits and vegetables and lower in fried foods and ___T__ 1. Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet higher in fruits and vegetables and lower in fried foods and soft drinks. soft drinks. ___F__ 2. Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity. ___F__ 2. Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. T/F __T___ 3. By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more __T___ 3. By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than their normal-weight peers. behavior problems than their normal-weight peers. ___T__ 4. Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma. ___T__ 4. Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. T/F __T___ 5. Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in __T___ 5. Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in school-age children. school-age children. __F___ 6. In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping. __F___ 6. In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. T/F __F___ 7. Only about 25 percent of U.S. children participate in organized sports at some time between ages 5 and 18. __F___ 7. Only about 25 percent of U.S. children participate in organized sports at some time between ages 5 and 18. __F___ 8. Most contemporary researchers agree that training in competitive sports is the best way to reach the least __F___ 8. Most contemporary researchers agree that training in competitive sports is the best way to reach the least physically fit school-age children. physically fit school-age children. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Pick One Inquiry questions Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Groups (Pods) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Body Growth in Middle Childhood Slow, regular pattern Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body grows fastest Lower portion of body grows fastest Bones lengthen Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive All permanent teeth arrive Corbis Royalty Free

16. Rachel T: Boys and Girls from ages 6-11 are growing and yet grow differently according to their sex. Age 6: Boys and Girls--> Weight- 45 Height 3 1/2 ft Ages 6-8: Girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys Ages 6-12: all 20 primary teeth are lost and replaced my permanent ones Girls losing their teeth slightly earlier than boys Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Permanent teeth may seem much too large until the growth of the facial bones causes the child's face to lengthen and mouth is widen to accommodate the new permanent teeth. Age 8: Girls accumulate fat at a faster rate and continue to add fat during adolescence Age 9: Boys are now shorter and lighter than girls Girls are going through the adolescent growth spurt Age 11: Boys can start going through their growth spurt Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Group Work Apply (Rachel T.) I think knowing about the physical development of the age you are teaching can correlate back to my curiosity on: How do you build a relationship with these students as well as a friendly classroom environment? If you tie into your lesson about how everyone's bodies are changing and everyone goes through the same things, you can lessen the risk of bullying and teasing, and everyone in the classroom will hopefully love who they are/becoming. How can you relate this to your question? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. Nutrition (Paige S.) Children need a well-balanced diet in order to have the energy they need to play and, more importantly, learn. Children need a well-balanced diet in order to have the energy they need to play and, more importantly, learn. Eating dinner as a family decreases at ages 9-14. Eating dinner as a family decreases at ages 9-14. Poverty can cause an inability to have a sufficient diet, which can lead to malnutrition, which in turn, leads to permanent physical and menual damage. Poverty can cause an inability to have a sufficient diet, which can lead to malnutrition, which in turn, leads to permanent physical and menual damage. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. What is the developmental importance of having a balanced diet during pre- adolescence? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Parent Teacher Organization Meeting (pp. 225–228, 229-231) Presentation to PTO: about the importance of nutrition and exercise during middle childhood. What factors contribute to obesity in children? What factors contribute to obesity in children? How can parents and schools reduce obesity rates? How can parents and schools reduce obesity rates? What are the benefits of physical activity and exercise? What are the benefits of physical activity and exercise? How can schools structure physical education so that it appeals to young people of varying skill levels? How can schools structure physical education so that it appeals to young people of varying skill levels? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Common Health Problems MalnutritionObesityIllnesses ©Jack Hollingsworth/Dreamstime.com

23. Illness (Alyssa) About 15 to 20 percent of American children have chronic diseases and conditions, (including physical disabilities). During the past three decades Asthma in children has doubled. Being exposed to unsuitable physical environments has a large factor in children's health About 15 to 20 percent of American children have chronic diseases and conditions, (including physical disabilities). During the past three decades Asthma in children has doubled. Being exposed to unsuitable physical environments has a large factor in children's health Children in poor environments tend to be more subjected to getting a disease causing them to miss school. Children in poor environments tend to be more subjected to getting a disease causing them to miss school. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Illness (cont.) If students could be exposed to better environments and stay active and healthy the chances of getting a chronic disease would hopefully decrease. However, that factors in environments during their infancy which only parents can control. If students could be exposed to better environments and stay active and healthy the chances of getting a chronic disease would hopefully decrease. However, that factors in environments during their infancy which only parents can control. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. Review (Rachel L.) Obesity is becoming a rapidly growing problem in middle age children in the United States, as well as other Western Nations. What is obesity and what genetic and environmental factors contribute to the problem of obesity in middle childhood? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. Health Risks for Obese Children More likely to be overweight adults More likely to be overweight adults Lifelong health risks Lifelong health risks high blood pressure, cholesterol high blood pressure, cholesterol respiratory problems respiratory problems diabetes diabetes liver, gall bladder disease liver, gall bladder disease sleep, digestive disorders sleep, digestive disorders cancer cancer early death early death

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood Overweight parents Overweight parents Low SES Low SES Parents’ feeding practices Parents’ feeding practices overfeeding overfeeding overly controlling overly controlling Low physical activity Low physical activity Television Television Cultural food environment Cultural food environment ©Kornilovdream/Dreamstime.com

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social isolation Social isolation Achievement problems Achievement problems Behavior problems Behavior problems Defiance Defiance Aggression Aggression Depression Depression Psychological and Social Consequences of Obesity

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Illness in Middle Childhood High rates first two years of school High rates first two years of school Chronic conditions Chronic conditions asthma asthma severe chronic illnesses severe chronic illnesses ©Rmarmion/Dreamstime.com

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Asthma Bronchial tubes very sensitive to stimuli Bronchial tubes very sensitive to stimuli cold, infection, allergies, stress cold, infection, allergies, stress wheezing, coughing, breathing problems wheezing, coughing, breathing problems Increasingly common Increasingly common Heredity, environment increase risk Heredity, environment increase risk

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Motor Development in Middle Childhood Gross-motor skills improvements Gross-motor skills improvements flexibility flexibility balance balance agility agility force force Fine-motor skills gains Fine-motor skills gains writing writing drawing drawing Photodisc

32. Review (Shayna) List the ways boys and girls develop differently physically from age 6-11 in their gross and fine motor skills. Explain the reasons for these differences. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. Sex Differences in Motor Development Girls better at fine-motor skills Girls better at fine-motor skills Boys better at gross-motor skills, sports Boys better at gross-motor skills, sports Social environment Social environment parental expectations parental expectations self-perceptions self-perceptions coaching, media messages coaching, media messages Sports and Recreation

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Increasing Detail in Drawing by 10-Year-Old Figure 9.2

35. Red Rover Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. PE US schools have cut back on physical activity such as gym class and recess to focus more on academic instruction. Only 15% of US elementary and middle schools provide students with physical education three times a week. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

37. What can you do as a teacher to include PE into your curriculum? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

38. Debate Pro Recess Against Recess Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. Physical Play Development Games with rules common Games with rules common sports sports invented games invented games Rough-and-tumble play Rough-and-tumble play Video games Video games Adult-organized sports Adult-organized sports Physical education Physical education Corbis Royalty Free

40. Pompoms 4 volunteers to pretend 11 year old girls Leave room for 4 minutes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

41. What do we expect? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

42. Pompoms How can we apply this to what we read? How can we apply this to what we read? Who volunteered? Who volunteered? Gender differences Gender differences Pros Pros Cons Cons Expectations for young girls? Expectations for young girls? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

43. Reflect (Claire) If you played on a sports team when you were in middle school, how involved were your parents in these activities and how did this affect your performance and attitude? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

44. Physical Education (Kristen) Physical activity supports health sense of self-worth cognitive skills social skills cooperation leadership followership Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

45. Create a Game Leave for 4 minutes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

46. What do we know about this age group and games? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

47. Games with Rules (pp. 229–230) 1. Informally organized games with rules become common in middle childhood, when gains in perspective taking allow children to understand the roles of several players in a game. 1. Informally organized games with rules become common in middle childhood, when gains in perspective taking allow children to understand the roles of several players in a game. 2. Participation in organized games helps children form more mature concepts of fairness and justice. 2. Participation in organized games helps children form more mature concepts of fairness and justice. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

48. Games with Rules 3. Organized sports have expanded tremendously, but the amount of time that children devote to informal outdoor play has declined. 3. Organized sports have expanded tremendously, but the amount of time that children devote to informal outdoor play has declined. 4. Critics argue that youth sports overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children’s natural experimentation with rules and strategies. 4. Critics argue that youth sports overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children’s natural experimentation with rules and strategies. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

49. R &T (Susan) Pre-adolescent children participate in rough- and-tumble play, which is friendly chasing and play-fighting. Starts this behavior in preschool years and peaks in middle childhood years. This rough-and-tumble play is more common among young boys due to male sex hormones. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

50. R&T Rough-and-tumble play is important for developing good "fighting" skills. (it is good natured) It allows children to challenge their peers who are of equal size and strength as they are. As children reach puberty however, rough-and- tumble play declines and is now more aggressive and harmful than before. Adolescents become more aggressive to establish a dominance over others. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

51. Debate Value of Rough & Tumble Concerns Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

52. Debate (Apply: Claire) 9-year-old Billy is more interested in playing video games than playing outside with his friends at home or even participating in games on recess. What are some ways that his parents and teachers could encourage him to back away from the video games and get the more social play time that he needs? …. (next slide) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

53. Debate Pro Video Games Back away from games Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

54. Share RARs Body Growth Body Growth Obesity Obesity Sexual Differences Sexual Differences Games with Rules Games with Rules Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.