1. Drugs

2. 2 You will understand: How to apply deductive reasoning to a series of analytical data. The limitations of presumptive (screening) tests. The relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and spectroscopic analysis. The dangers of using prescription drugs, controlled substances, over- the-counter medications, and illegal drugs. Objectives

3. Drugs 3 You will be able to: Chemically identify illicit drug types. Classify the types of illicit drugs and their negative effects. Discuss the federal penalties for possession and use of controlled substances. Explain the need for confirmatory tests. Objectives, continued

4. Drugs 4 You will be able to: Describe IR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and GC- MS. Present and interpret data with graphs. Use the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) to identify pills. Use technology and mathematics to improve investigations and communications. Objectives, continued

5. Drugs 5 Drugs and Crime ®A drug is a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically. ®Any drugs taken in excessive amounts and causes illness or death is classified as a poison ®Legal drugs that are taken solely for pleasure are considered illicit drugs. ®“Controlled substances” are drugs that are restricted by law. ®The Controlled Substances Act is a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their categories, and penalties for possession, sale, or use.

6. Drugs 6 Illegal or Illicit? An illegal drug is a drug that is against the law to have, use, or distribute. An illicit drug is a legal drug used in an inappropriate or illegal way.

7. Drugs 7 Controlled Substances Act Schedule I—high potential for abuse; no currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Examples: heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA) Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence Examples: cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin

8. Drugs 8 Controlled Substances Act, continued Schedule III—lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence Examples: intermediate-acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine Schedule IV—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III Examples: stimulants and depressants including Valium, Xanax, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon

9. Drugs 9 Controlled Substances Act, continued Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV Examples: codeine found in low doses in cough medicines

10. Drugs 10 Classification for illicit drugs based on pharmacological effects ®Hallucinogens: mostly naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. ®Examples: Marijuana, LSD, PCP, Ecstasy, Ketamine

11. Drugs 11 Classification for illicit drugs based on pharmacological effects ®Stimulants: acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to increase alertness, energy while suppressing appetite and fatigue. ®Examples: cocaine, caffeine, amphetamines, metamphetamines

12. Drugs 12 Classification for illicit drugs based on pharmacological effects ®Narcotics: Analgesics substances which act on the CNS to relieve pain. ®Examples: codeine, heroin, opium, oxycodon, fentanyl

13. Drugs 13 Classification for illicit drugs based on pharmacological effects ®Depressants: Acts on the CNS and results in calming the user and slower his/her response to stimuli. ®Examples: barbituates, alcohol, valium

14. Drugs 14 Drug analysis and Identification ® 75 % of evidence being examined by forensic scientist in the U.S. is considered drug related ®Forensic scientists have many test for identifying drugs and poison

15. Drugs 15 Physicians’ Desk Reference PDR —A Physicians’ Desk Reference is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets, and capsules. It is updated each year. ®This can sometimes be a quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene. ®The reference book gives a picture of the drug and states whether it is prescription, over-the-counter, or a controlled substance; it gives more detailed information about the drug as well.

16. Drugs 16 Human Components Used for Drug Analysis Blood Urine Hair Gastric contents Bile Liver tissue Brain tissue Kidney tissue Spleen tissue Vitreous humor of the eye

17. Drugs 17 Drug Identification Screening or presumptive tests Spot or color tests Microcrystalline test— a reagent is added, producing a crystalline precipitate that is unique for a certain drug Chromatography Confirmatory tests Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Mass spectrometry

18. Drugs 18 Screening or presumptive tests only tell that the drug is possibly present. Confirmatory tests tell that the drug is positively present. (Screening tests are easier, cheaper, and quicker to use.) Drug Identification, continued

19. Drugs 19 Presumptive Color Tests Marquis—turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives and orange-brown with amphetamines Dille-Koppanyi—turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates Duquenois-Levine—turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana Van Urk—turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD Scott test—color test for cocaine; blue

20. Drugs 20 Chromatography A technique for separating mixtures into their components Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates

21. Drugs 21 Types of Chromatography Paper Thin-layer (TLC) Gas (GC) Pyrolysis gas (PGC) Liquid (LC) High-performance liquid (HPLC) Column

22. Drugs 22 Paper Chromatography Stationary phase—paper Mobile phase—a liquid solvent Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase.

23. Drugs 23 Thin-layer Chromatography Stationary phase—a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or glass Mobile phase—a liquid solvent

24. Drugs 24 Retention Factor (R f ) This is a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent. It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled. If the R f value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known compound, the two compounds are likely similar or identical (a match).

25. Drugs 25 Gas Chromatography Phases Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium Analysis Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present Uses retention time instead of R f for the qualitative analysis

26. Drugs 26 Uses of Gas Chromatography Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence.)

27. Drugs 27 Confirmatory Tests: Spectroscopy Spectroscopy—the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance

28. Drugs 28 Spectrophotometry Types Ultraviolet Visible Infrared

29. Drugs 29 Infrared Spectrometry Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum Compares the IR light beam before and after it passes through a transparent sample Result—an absorption or transmittance spectrum Gives a unique view of the substance; like a fingerprint

30. Drugs 30 Mass Spectrometry, continued ®In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is directed at sample molecules in a vacuum chamber. ®The electrons break apart the sample molecules into many positive- charged fragments. These are sorted and collected according to their mass-to-charge ratio by an oscillating electric or magnetic field.

31. Drugs 31 Mass Spectra Each molecular species has its own unique mass spectrum.

32. Drugs 32 IR Spectrophotometry and Mass Spectrometry Both work well in identifying pure substances. Mixtures are difficult to identify in both techniques. Both are compared to a catalog of knowns.

33. Drugs 33 People of Historical Significance Arthur Jeffrey Dempster was born in Canada, but studied at and received his PhD from the University of Chicago. He began teaching physics there in 1916. In 1918, ®Dempster developed the first modern mass spectrometer. His version was over 100 times more accurate than previous ones and established the basic theory and design of mass spectrometers that is still used to this day.

34. Drugs 34 Drugs ®What is a drug? ®List the different categories into which drugs may be classified based on their pharmaceutical effects ®List as many drugs as you can think of that fall into each category ®What is the most commonly abused drug ®Approximately how much does the U.S. spend each year to fight drug trafficking