1. Winning Independence
Ch. 5 Sec. 1

2. Ethnic-language groups in Africa
African Nationalism
Early 1900s: nationalism takes root in African nations
Nationalism: pride in one’s country
Used to create unity among different ethnic groups forced into a colony together
Pan-Africanism:
Unifying all of Africa under one gov’t
Léopold Sédar Senghor: 1930s
Négritude movement: pride in African heritage
Ethnic-language groups in Africa
Léopold Sédar Senghor

3. New Nations Emerge WWII: colonial powers weakened by war effort
Cold War: US and Soviet Union condemned colonialism & aided nationalist movements
By 1950: 4 independent nations ( Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, S. Africa)
Independence movements:
Ghana: boycotted British goods to protest British rule, won independence (1957)
Northern Africa: Libya, Tunisia & Morocco gained nationhood peacefully, Algeria goes to war with France ( ), gains nationhood in 1962
Kenya: armed resistance group (the Mau Mau) pushed British out of Kenya (1964)
Southern Africa: Angola & Mozambique wage guerilla war against Portugal, independent in 1975

4. Colonial Legacy Effects of colonial rule
Desire for modern technology and European standard of living in Africa
Resentment toward colonial powers
Disrupted economy
Africans had few experienced leaders
Rival ethnic groups forced to cooperate

5. Case Study: Rwanda (1994) Pre-imperialism: 2 tribes
Ruling tribe (minority): Tutsi
Majority: Hutu
Belgian Imperialism:
Granted more rights to Tutsi elite
Required ID badges for each tribes
Appointed Tutsis to positions of leadership
Post-imperialism:
Hutu resentment of Tutsi mistreatment
Hutu president of Rwanda killed in plane crash
Hutu military group (Interhamwe) attacked Tutsi citizens
Approx. 1 million Tutsis died in 100 days