1. The French and Indian War

2. Class Activity
North America 1754
Use the map provided to identify the extent of the Spanish, French, & British colonial control in North America by 1750

3. Key Preview Questions North America 1754
Which nation on the map had the “best” colonies? Why?
Based on the map, what problems might arise among the European powers?
How should these nations work out their differences?

4. By 1750, Britain & France had become serious rivals because:
Both nations used mercantilism to expand their colonial claims in order to increase their wealth
Both nations used mercantilism to expand their colonial claims in order to increase their wealth
Britain & France went to war 3 times in Europe from
These wars in Europe meant that their colonists would fight too

5. During the 1700s, both the British & French colonies were growing
Land disputes along the Ohio River Valley led to the French & Indian War

6. The growth of the British & French colonies impacted Indians too:
The French increased their alliances with Native Americans along the Ohio River Valley
The spread of British colonists into the backcountry & across the Appalachian Mountains led to numerous Indian conflicts

7. Indians grew increasingly concerned about British colonists filling into the backcountry
New settlement

8. The plan was not approved
In 1754, colonists from across the British colonies met at the Albany Congress to discuss the common problem of Indian attacks
Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army
The plan was not approved
The colonists lacked the unity to solve a common problem

9. Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” America’s 1st political cartoon

10. Turning Point: 1754
In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim
Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the beginning of the French & Indian War

11. The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Britain & the North American colonists
France, their colonists, & Indian allies vs

12. The war started in North America ( ), but became part of a larger, “world” war called the Seven Years War ( ) due to competition among empires

13. Battle Scene of the French and Indian War

14. The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Britain was losing during the early years of the war
The colonists saw this war as another European conflict & did not help fight or raise taxes as much as England expected
But, in 1757, British Prime Minister William Pitt issued a “blank check” to win the war
Pitt understood that winning this war meant the future of British mercantilism

15. The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763
France lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
Spain got all lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England
England gained all French lands in Canada & exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade
North America 1754
North America 1763

16. Closure Activity
North America 1763
Use the map provided to identify the areas under Spanish, French, & British control after the French & Indian War (by 1763)

17. Key Review Questions North America 1763
How did winning the French & Indian War set up Britain as the dominant economic power in the world?
What effect might this victory have on British mercantilism?
How might this war impact the British colonists? Indians?

18. Essential Question:
How was the end of the French & Indian War in 1763 a “turning point” in American history?
Warm-Up Question:
The French & Indian War was a “turning point” in American history.
What effect might this victory have on British mercantilism?
How might this war impact the British colonists? Indians?

19. How was 1763 a “turning point” in American history
How was a “turning point” in American history? Situational Role Play Activity

20. Situation #1
According to the Treaty of Paris in that ended the French & Indian War, the French have no more colonies in North America (except Haiti in the Caribbean)

21. Situation #2
After the end of the French & Indian War, Parliament decided to leave the British army in North America

22. Situation #3
The costs of winning the French & Indian War left the British Empire in severe debt that it now must pay off:
British national debt, 1755: £74.6 million British national debt, 1764: £129.6 million

23. Colonists learned new guerilla fighting tactics from the Indians
North America 1763
The French & Indian War changed the relationship between Britain & the American colonists
Colonists were excited about the possibility of new land in the west now that the French were gone
Colonists learned new guerilla fighting tactics from the Indians

24. William Pitt’s “blank check” led to huge war debts
Parliament expected colonists to help pay off these debts
More decisions would now be made by British Parliament

25. The expensive British army was not removed from America
Other problems strained the relationship between Britain & the colonists after the war:
North America 1763
The expensive British army was not removed from America
The Ottawa Indians, led by Chief Pontiac, attacked frontier settlers who flooded into the Ohio Valley

26. Britain had to spend more money defending colonists in the frontier
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
Britain had to spend more money defending colonists in the frontier

27. Proclamation of 1763
After Pontiac’s Rebellion, the British Parliament created the Proclamation Line of 1763
Forbade colonists from moving across the Appalachian Mountains
Colonists were mad because this limited their ability to gain new land
Colonists were mad that this decision was made by Parliament & not in colonial assemblies

28. “Parliament has the authority to rule”
The French & Indian War brought an end to salutary neglect & began parliamentary sovereignty
English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes
“Parliament has the authority to rule”
The British began governing their colonies more strictly

29. The end of salutary neglect
New taxes & laws were passed without asking colonial assemblies
As Britain assumed more control,
the colonists tried
to hang onto the power of their
colonial assemblies
This shift would prove to be the beginning of the long road towards colonial independence

30. Closure Activity In groups, summarize the following:
As a result of the French & Indian War, how have things changed? Why was the war such a “turning point”?
From the British gov’t perspective, why are these changes necessary?
From the colonial perspective, why are these changes difficult to handle?

31. How was 1763 a “turning point” in the British-colonial relationship?

32. Perceptions of the War Colonial views:
Colonies could be very strong when they worked together
Newly gained frontier presented opportunities for wealth & land
Colonists learned how to fight
English views:
Americans were slow to organize & balked at helping raise money even to protect their own lands

33. British-American Tensions
Colonials
British
Fighting Methods
Indian-style guerilla attacks
Marching in formation
Military Organization
Militias led by captains
British officers in charge of colonials
Finances
Resistant to rising taxes
Colonists should help pay for their own defense

34. Effects of the War on Britain?
The war increased England’s colonial empire in North America
But, the Pitt’s “blank check” greatly enlarged England’s debt
Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings
As a result, English leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary!

35. Effects of the War on Americans?
The 1760s were an affluent & optimistic “post-war” period:
The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time
Most colonists considered themselves proud members of England’s empire with little (if any) thought of independence

36. Eroding Bonds of the Empire

37. Parliamentary Sovereignty
In 1760, George III became king & began a new colonial attitude: Parliamentary Sovereignty
English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes
The colonists tried to reserve the colonial authority for their own legislatures
Suspicions in colonies & England that George wished to enlarge his powers (appt of chief minister Bute & others)
Bute was appointed Chief Minister of England because he got along with George, no other reason. Parliament was furious. Eventually Bute resigned & George was fickle in his appointments—often changing chief ministers leaving England with no clear plan for gov’t. Left England in precarious state & colonies largely ignored during this time. 3

38. “No Taxation Without Representation”
The colonists assumed that their assemblies were quasi-equal to Parliament because they had no Parliamentary representatives
British officials countered with “virtual representation” argument
The colonists insisted that only their colonial assemblies could tax Americans
Parliament represents ALL British citizens no matter where they live 4

39. Two Theories of Representation
What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?
How could the colonies accept the decisions of Parliament when they did not have representation in that governmental body?
Absolute?
OR Limited?

40. Eroding the Bonds of Empire
After the Seven Years War, everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat)
But…this large, expensive army was not removed
British citizens were not happy because they had to pay for it
Colonists doubted the army’s ability to defend against Indians 6

41. Pontiac’s War
Backcountry natives banded together to repel white frontier settlers during Pontiac’s War:
Indian successes exposed the British army’s weakness
Attacks revealed desperation of Native Americans after the withdrawal of their French allies
Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA)
English colonists flooded across the Appalachian Mountains:
“There’s all this land & no French!!”
(Senecas, Ottowas, Miamis, Creeks, Cherokees)

42. Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763 Fort Detroit
Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa & other tribes against colonists due to:
The flood of colonists into Ohio Country
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt

43. Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common

44. The Proclamation of 1763
In response to Pontiac’s War, the British government established the Proclamation Line of 1763:
This law forbade colonists from settling across the Appalachian Mountains (for their own protection)
Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development”

45. North America in 1763

46. “Virtuous” citizens must fight tyranny
New Political Ideas
All gov’ts are susceptible to corruption, tyranny, & intrusion upon citizens’ liberty
The introduction of Parliamentary sovereignty contradicted England’s original policy of salutary neglect
The influx of new political ideas of the European Enlightenment began to impact colonial thought (especially those of John Locke)
While no colonists were thinking of independence by 1763, many became committed to “natural rights” & opposed to “tyranny”
“Virtuous” citizens must fight tyranny 5

47. Conclusions: Rule Britannia?

48. Rule Britannia?
Despite the mounting tensions between the English government & American colonists by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England due of:
a shared British culture
dependence upon British consumer goods
shared nationalism after British military victories against France

50. Crash Course #5