1. Chapter 5: Cell Growth and Division
Unit 2: Cells
Chapter 5: Cell Growth and Division

2. Chapter 4: Cell Growth and Division
UNIT 2: Cells
Chapter 4: Cell Growth and Division
I. The Cell Cycle has four main stages (5.1)
A. The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division in eukaryotic cells

3. 1. Originally divided into two stages (observations were
 1. Originally divided into two stages (observations were limited by microscopes at the time)
a. Interphase- cell appeared to be at rest
b. Mitosis- cell dividing
2. Improved techniques and tools later allowed scientist to identify 4 distinct stages

4. a. Gap 1 (G1) - cell carries out normal functions
1). Cell increases in size
2). Organelles increase in numbers

5. b. Synthesis (S) - Cell makes copy of its nuclear DNA.
1). Synthesis means “the combining of parts to make a whole.
2). By end of S stage, cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA

6. c. Gap 2 (G2) - Cells continue to carry out normal functions
1).Additional growth occurs
2). Critical checkpoint (before cell goes through mitosis cell must be adequate size, undamaged DNA)

7. d. Mitosis (M) - Includes two processes
1). Mitosis - Division of cell nucleus and its contents
2). Cytokinesis - Process that divides the cell cytoplasm. Two identical daughter cells produced

8. B. Cells divide at different rates
1. Rates of cell division vary widely
a. Prokaryotic cells typically divide much faster than eukaryotic cells
b. Rate at which cells divide linked to body’s need for those cells.

9. 2. In human cells, S, G2, and M stages together usually take about 12 hours
a. Length of G1 stage differs most for different cell types
b. Rate of cell division greater in embryos and children

10. C. Cell size is limited
1. Cells have upper and lower size limits
a. Must be big enough to “hold” everything
b. Upper limit due to ratio of cell surface area to volume

11. 1). Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes move
1).Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes move across the cell membrane (surface of cell)
2). As cell grows, its surface area (cell membrane) does not grow as fast as volume- too small for adequate exchange of materials

12. 2. To maintain suitable cell size, growth and cell division must be coordinated.

13. II. Mitosis and Cytokinesis (5.2)
A. Chromosomes condense at start of mitosis
1. Chromosome - one long continuous thread of DNA
a. Consists of numerous genes
b. You have 46 chromosomes

14. c. Must be condensed to fit into cell nucleus
1). DNA wraps around proteins called histones
2). When loosely condensed called chromatin

15. d. Chromosome looks like “X” (each half is identical DNA- called a chromatid)
e. Sister chromatids held together by centromere

16. f. Telomeres - found at ends of DNA molecules and prevent DNA from coming apart

17. B. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical
B. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells
1. Interphase - important role in preparing cell to divide (2 sets of DNA and are large enough)
2. Mitosis - divides cell’s nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei, each with its own single, full set of DNA
Two genetically identical nuclei

18. 3. 4 main phases of Mitosis
a. Prophase - DNA condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Centrioles move to poles and spindle fibers form
Centrioles
chromosomes
Nuclear envelope
Spindle fibers

19. b. Metaphase - Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome
b. Metaphase - Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome. Chromosomes align along cell equator (middle)
centromere
What is the name of this structure?

20. c. Anaphase - Chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell
chromotids

21. d. Telophase - Nuclear membrane starts to. form
d. Telophase - Nuclear membrane starts to form. Chromosomes begin to uncoil and spindle fibers fall apart

22. 4. Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
4. Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm. Different in animal and plant cells.

23. III. Regulation of Cell Cycle (5.3)
A. Internal and external factors regulate cell division
1. External factors
a. Include physical and chemical factors
b. Once a cell touches another cell it stops dividing
c. Many cells release chemical signals (growth factors) that trigger cell growth.

24. 2. Internal factors
a. External factors trigger internal factors that affect cell cycle
b. Two of the most important internal factors are kinases and cyclins

26. 3. Apoptosis - programmed cell death (signals activate genes producing self-destructive enzymes

27. B. Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer.
1. Cancer - common name for class or diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
a. Form from disorganized clumps called tumors

28. b. Two types of tumors
1). Benign - cancer cells typically remain clustered together.

29. 2). Malignant - Some cell break away (or metastasize) from the tumor and spread through body

30. 2. Cancer cells come from normal cells that have suffered damage to genes that make proteins involved in cell division
Brain cancer cells

31. a. damage from radiation, inherited, chemicals, ultraviolet radiation
b. Carcinogens - Substances know to cause cancer

32. c. Cancer can be treated with both radiation and chemotherapy
c. Cancer can be treated with both radiation and chemotherapy.(these typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells)

33. IV. Asexual Reproduction (5.4)
A. Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis
1. Reproduction occurs in two ways (sexual and asexual reproduction)

34. a. Sexual reproduction - joining of two specialized cells (gametes - egg and sperm), one from each parent
1). Offspring are genetically unique
2). Mixture of genes from both parents

35. b. Asexual reproduction - creation of offspring from a single parent
b. Asexual reproduction - creation of offspring from a single parent. Offspring genetically identical

36. 2. Binary fission - asexual reproduction of single-celled organism
a. Occurs in prokaryotes
b. binary fission and mitosis have similar results

37. B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction
1.In environments that don’t change, asexual may be better. If they are well suited to environment may be more efficient
2. In changing environments sexual reproduction produces genetic diversity which raises chances for survival

38. V. Multicellular Life (5.5)
A. Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.
1. Cells communicate and work together in groups that form increasingly large, more complex structures

39. a. CELLS → TISSUES → ORGANS → ORGAN SYTEMS

40. b. Tissue - group or cells that work together to perform a particular function
c. Organ - group of tissues that work together to perform specific function or related functions

41. d. Organ system - organs that carry out similar functions
1). Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis
2). Occurs in plants and animals

43. B. Specialized cells perform specific functions
1. Cell differentiation - process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions
a. Every cell in body has full set of DNA
b. Cells only use certain genes and become specific (ie. bone cells, mucscle cells, nerver cells, etc.)

44. C. Stem cells can develop into different cell types
1. Stem cells - unique type of body cell
a. Can divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
b. Remain undifferentiated in form
c. Develop into a variety of specialized cell types

45. 2. Stem cells can be catorgorized by their ability or potential to develop into differentiated cell types and different tissues.

46. 3. Adult Stem Cells - partially undifferentiated cells located among the specialized cells or many organs and tissues
4. Embryonic Stem Cells - come from donated embryos grown in a clinic

47. 5. Research and Treatment Hope
a. Stem cells have long been used to treat leukemia and lymphoma
b. Might be used to repair damaged organs
c. Used to cure diseases (i.e. diabetes)

48. 10 µm Fig. 12-10 Nucleus Chromatin condensing Nucleolus Chromosomes
Cell plate 1
Prophase 2
Prometaphase 3
Metaphase 4
Anaphase 5
Telophase

49. Fig a
Nucleus
Chromatin
condensing
Nucleolus 1
Prophase

50. Fig b
Chromosomes 2
Prometaphase

51. Fig c 3
Metaphase

52. Fig d 4
Anaphase

53. Fig e
10 µm
Cell plate 5
Telophase

54. Chapter 10
Cell Growth & Division

55. As a cell becomes larger, its
a. volume increases faster than its surface area.
b. surface area increases faster than its volume.
c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the same.
d. surface area stays the same, but its volume increases.

56. As a cell becomes larger, its
a. volume increases faster than its surface area.
b. surface area increases faster than its volume.
c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the same.
d. surface area stays the same, but its volume increases.

57. As a cell grows, it
a. places more demands on its DNA.
b. uses up food and oxygen more quickly.
c. has more trouble moving enough materials across its cell membrane.
d. all of the above

58. As a cell grows, it
a. places more demands on its DNA.
b. uses up food and oxygen more quickly.
c. has more trouble moving enough materials across its cell membrane.
d. all of the above

59. If the length of a cell increases 10 times, its volume increases about
a. 5 times.
b. 10 times.
c. 100 times.
d times.

60. If the length of a cell increases 10 times, its volume increases about
a. 5 times.
b. 10 times.
c. 100 times.
d times.

61. The speed with which wastes are produced by a cell depends on the cell's
a. ratio of surface area to volume.
b. environment.
c. volume.
d. surface area.

62. The speed with which wastes are produced by a cell depends on the cell's
a. ratio of surface area to volume.
b. environment.
c. volume.
d. surface area.

63. Unlike small cells, large cells have more trouble
a. dividing.
b. producing daughter cells.
c. moving needed materials in and waste products out.
d. making copies of their DNA.

64. Unlike small cells, large cells have more trouble
a. dividing.
b. producing daughter cells.
c. moving needed materials in and waste products out.
d. making copies of their DNA.

65. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when they are being replicated
c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase

66. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when they are being replicated
c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase

67. When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated?
a. G1 phase
b. G2 phase
c. S phase
d. M phase

68. When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated?
a. G1 phase
b. G2 phase
c. S phase
d. M phase

69. Which event occurs during interphase?
a. The cell grows.
b. Centrioles appear.
c. Spindle fibers begin to form.
d. Centromeres divide.

70. Which event occurs during interphase?
a. The cell grows.
b. Centrioles appear.
c. Spindle fibers begin to form.
d. Centromeres divide.

71. Cell division is represented in Figure 10-1 by the letter
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.

72. Cell division is represented in Figure 10-1 by the letter
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.

73. The cell cycle is the
a. series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
b. period of time between the birth and the death of a cell.
c. time from prophase until cytokinesis.
d. time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.

74. The cell cycle is the
a. series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
b. period of time between the birth and the death of a cell.
c. time from prophase until cytokinesis.
d. time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.

75. The structure labeled A in Figure above is called the _____________.
a. centromere.
b. centriole.
c. sister chromatid.
d. spindle.

76. The structure labeled A in Figure above is called the _____________.
a. centromere.
b. centriole.
c. sister chromatid.
d. spindle.

77. The structures labeled B in Figure above are called
a. centromeres.
b. centrioles.
c. sister chromatids.
d. spindles.

78. The structures labeled B in Figure above are called
a. centromeres.
b. centrioles.
c. sister chromatids.
d. spindles.

79. The first phase of mitosis is called
a. prophase.
b. anaphase.
c. metaphase.
d. interphase.

80. The first phase of mitosis is called
a. prophase.
b. anaphase.
c. metaphase.
d. interphase.

81. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
a. prophase
b. telophase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase

82. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
a. prophase
b. telophase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase

83. Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
a. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
c. interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
d. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

84. Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
a. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
c. interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
d. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

85. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
a. It helps separate the chromosomes.
b. It breaks down the nuclear membrane.
c. It duplicates the DNA.
d. It divides the cell in half.

86. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
a. It helps separate the chromosomes.
b. It breaks down the nuclear membrane.
c. It duplicates the DNA.
d. It divides the cell in half.

87. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have
a. centrioles.
b. centromeres.
c. a cell plate.
d. a cleavage furrow.

88. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have
a. centrioles.
b. centromeres.
c. a cell plate.
d. a cleavage furrow.

89. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing
a. two chromosomes.
b. four chromosomes.
c. eight chromosomes.
d. sixteen chromosomes.

90. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing
a. two chromosomes.
b. four chromosomes.
c. eight chromosomes.
d. sixteen chromosomes.

91. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their
a. size.
b. spindle fibers.
c. growth rate.
d. surface area.

92. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their
a. size.
b. spindle fibers.
c. growth rate.
d. surface area.

93. Cancer cells form masses of cells called
a. tumors.
b. cyclins.
c. growth factors.
d. p53.

94. Cancer cells form masses of cells called
a. tumors.
b. cyclins.
c. growth factors.
d. p53.

95. What is the name of structure (f)?
(b)
(d)
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What is the name of structure (f)?
Centrioles

96. What phase is represented by letter (a)?
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What phase is represented by letter (a)?
Interphase

97. What phase is represented by letter (j)?
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What phase is represented by letter (j)?
anaphase

98. What are structures (c) called?
(b)
(d)
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What are structures (c) called?
Spindle fibers

99. What phase is represented by letter (d)
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What phase is represented by letter (d)
metaphase

100. What phase is represented by letter (g)
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What phase is represented by letter (g)
telophase

101. What phase is represented by letter (b)?
(c)
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
What phase is represented by letter (b)?
Prophase