1. Wheels, Deals and Automobiles: The Industrial Revolution

2. Traditional Farming Methods
List all of the MACHINES in the picture.
How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?
What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?
Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

3. How did the world go from this?

4. To this?

5. What triggered the Industrial Revolution?
Agricultural Revolution
new inventions (seed drill) put small farmers out of work – migrated to towns
Also people lived longer – created a large work force
Population Explosion 1800s
Energy Revolution
Water mills/windmills, steam engines

6. A New Agricultural Revolution
Improved Methods of Farming
Enclosure Movement
Population Explosion
Dikes for land reclamation
Fertilizer
Seed Drill – Jethro Tull
Crop rotation
Rich landowners fenced in land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
Output rose with fewer workers
Tenants displaced
Moved to cities
Britain’s population rose from 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800.
Declining death rates
Reduced risk of famine.

7. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
James Watt's improvements in 1769 and 1784 to the steam engine converted a machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications.

8. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Watt’s improved steam engine was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity.

9. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Watt was a creative genius who radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through Watt’s invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern world eventually moved from a 90% rural basis to a 90% urban basis.

10. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Improved steam engines led to improved systems for transporting people and factory goods.

11. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Economic
New technologies, trade huge divide between industrialized and non
industrialized world
Political
Aristocracy remains but has less power
Social
social status becomes based on wealth (not birth)
Growth of cities (urbanization)
Growth of ‘isms’

12. Urbanization
In the mid 1700s, more than half the population of Britain lived and worked on farms.
Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

13. Urban Living Conditions
Factory owners rushed to build housing
Back to back row houses
Several people in very small spaces
Poor sanitation
High disease rates
Crime
Massive pollution

14. Industrialization Factory system Rigid schedule 12-16 hours
Workers exposed to dangers
Parents accepted idea of child labor

15. Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY
GENTRY
TRADESPEOPLE
LABORERS
Rutland 52 41 38
Truro 40 33 28
Derby 49 21
Manchester 20 17
Bethnal Green 45 26 16
Liverpool 35 22 15
Rutland – agricultural area in central England
Other locations – major industrial centers
Truro – tin mining center

16. Working Conditions and Wages
Common working day: 12 – 14 hours
One short break for lunch
Work week: 6 days per week
80 degree heat
Workers were beaten if they did not perform well.
Hot, polluted factory air.
Workers risked losing limbs from the machines.
Low wages.

17. Child Labor Children shifted from farm work to factory work.
12 – 14 hour days
6 day weeks
Lower wages than adults.
Began at age 5.
Mining work deformed bodies.

18. Child Labor
As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions.
New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

19. New Technologies and World Economy
Steamships
Telegraph cables
Steel
Electricity
Chemical industries
Railroad

20. World Trade Great Britain first to industrialize
By 1890 Germany and U.S. surpassed G.B. as world’s leading industrial powers
Industrialized nations mass produced consumer goods while the non-industrial areas provided raw materials

21. World Economy
World became prey to sudden swings in business cycle because of ever-changing supply and demand

22. Environmental effects
RR ate land
Tropical forests cut for plantations

23. Growth of Isms Capitalism
Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
Socialism
Economic factors determine course of history and the struggle between the classes is caused by who benefits from surplus

24. Communism Karl Marx Scientific socialism
Economics really a struggle between the “haves” (upper class and merchants bourgeoisie) and the “have nots” (proletariat working class.)
Advocated a workers’ revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership.
“Workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains”

25. UTILITARIANISM Greatest happiness for the greatest number
Any action is right if it produces happiness
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill – advocated government help for poor

26. Utopianism
Self-sufficient communities – all work was shared and all property was owned in common
Does this work?

27. Economists of the Industrial Revolution
Adam Smith: advocated laissez- faire economics. No government regulation of business. A free market will produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone. The basis of Capitalism.
Thomas Malthus: Population will outpace the food supply
David Ricardo: Poor having too many children, thus leading to a high labor supply and lower wages.

28. The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
New inventions and development of factories
Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
Increased production and higher demand for raw materials
Growth of worldwide trade
Population explosion and a large labor force
Exploitation of mineral resources
Highly developed banking and investment system
Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Long hours worked by children in factories
Increase in population of cities
Poor city planning
Loss of family stability
Expansion of middle class
Harsh conditions for laborers
Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes
Improved standard of living
Creation of new jobs
Encouragement of technological progress
Political Effects
Child labor laws to end abuses
Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)
Trade unions
Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
Reform bills in Parliament

29. Industrial Revolution Vocabulary
Bourgeoisie Merchant Class
Proletariat Workers
Factory system Rigid Schedule hrs./day
Domestic system Make goods at home
Capital Land/money which produces
Laissez-faire hands off policy toward business
Capitalist Profit
Communism everyone owns equally