1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 62

2. 2 Exploitation, Oppression, and Violence 1.What forms of exploitation, oppression, and violence occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

3. 3 2. discuss global efforts (“grass roots” and legal) to eliminate gender-based exploitation, oppression, and violence. 1. generate global examples of gender-based exploitation, oppression, and violence. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

4. 4 What forms of exploitation, oppression, and violence occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

5. 5 Canada: Domestic sex trafficking of aboriginal females is an increasing problem (Arthur, 2009). With respect to international sex trafficking, RCMP estimates suggest that 600-800 individuals are smuggled into Canada each year (Arthur, 2009). Globally, 600,000-800,000 people are trafficked each year; conservative estimates indicate that 3 million people are currently enslaved (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

6. 6 China: The sex ratio is “abnormal”: Among children aged 0-4, there are 120 boys for every 100 girls. The high male-to-female ratio is the result of sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and neglect of young girls (Banister, 2004).

7. 7 Egypt: 97% of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 have undergone female genital cutting (FGC, Lancaster, 1996). Globally, 140 million women have been exposed to FGC. The procedure is most common in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa (WHO, 2012). Estimates suggest that 3 million girls are cut each year (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

8. 8 Female Genital Cutting: Infibulation

9. 9 Ethiopia: For every 100 boys who are enrolled in primary or secondary education, only 69 girls are (World Bank, 2002). Estonia: 29% of women aged 18-24 and 52% of women aged 65 or older fear domestic violence (UN Children’s Fund, 2000). India: Each year, approximately 5000 “dowry-deaths” of women occur (UN Children’s Emergency Fund, 2002).

10. 10 Rumana Monzur, Bangladesh Malala Yousafzai, Pakistan

11. 11 Rwanda: Males were subject to sex-selective massacre by the “genocidaires” (Carpenter, 2006).

12. 12 Following the Rwandan genocide, 70% of the country’s population was female (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009). “The opening blast of the genocide was accompanied by an injunction not to repeat the ‘mistake’ of the 1959 revolution, when male children had been spared only to return as guerilla fighters” (Jones, 2002).

13. 13 Saudi Arabia: Females are not permitted to drive and cannot travel without the permission of a male guardian (Slavin, 2009). Turkey: Each year, at least 200 females are the victims of honour killings (Moore, 2001). The UN estimates there are 5000 honour killings a year (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

14. 14 Ukraine: More than 70% of unemployed individuals are female. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed females have been transported to the West; one-fifth have sex trafficked (Kutova, 2000). United States: 22% of women who report that their age at first intercourse was less than 15 indicate that it was not voluntary (Lips, 2006).

15. 15 Exploitation, Oppression, and Violence 1.What forms of exploitation, oppression, and violence occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)