1. You have 7 minutes to answer this question.

2. The biosphere unit is divided into 3 main sections; 1.Soil Characteristics and Processes 2.Soil Types and Profiles: Podzol, Brown Earth, Gley 3.Vegetation Succession on Sand Dunes

3. Soil Characteristics and Processes Soil Components; A ‘normal’ mature soil contains 5 components; Mineral or Inorganic Matter, 40% Organic Matter or Humus, 10% Biota, 5%. Air, 22.5%. Water, 22.5%.

4. Weathering “A process in which rocks are disintegrated into soils” Humification “The process of decomposition whereby organic material becomes humus” Humus “The brown or black organic part of the soil resulting from the decay of leaves and other matter” Leaching “The removal of materials dissolved in the soil caused by heavy rain” Podsolization “The leaching of iron, aluminium and organic matter from the upper layers” Gleying “A soil-forming process that operates under poor drainage conditions”

5. For any upland area that you have studied, (i)Give examples of environmental conflicts which have arisen, and (ii)Describe some of the measures taken to resolve these conflicts and comment on their effectiveness. 18 marks You have 13 minutes to answer this question.