1. Reproduction!
Purpose: Create offspring for the continuation of your species

2. Asexual (clones) Only 1 parent needed made by prokaryotes, protists!
Binary fission & Mitosis: photocopy all DNA & rip cell in half
Circular DNA in prokaryotes
Bacteria dividing by fission.
Ameoba dividing by fission.

3. 3 different examples of budding
Yeast
Hydra
The most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding.[30] Here, a small bud (also known as a bleb), or daughter cell, is formed on the parent cell. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud continues to grow until it separates from the parent cell, forming a new cell.[31] The daughter cell produced during the budding process is generally smaller than the mother cell. Some yeasts, includingSchizosaccharomyces pombe, reproduce by fission instead of budding,[30] thereby creating two identically sized daughter cells.
Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding. In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals
Spider Plants

4. Sex: why bother?!?! Plants, animals, fungi…
Cell still duplicates DNA first
But, meiosis rips the cell apart TWICE
creates gametes (eggs & sperm) with genetic variety
crossing over and independent assortment
Diploid (2n) cell  Haploid (n) cells

5. Locations of meiosis in tulip and lily (hermaphrodite flowers)
Anthers produce pollen (sperm)
Pd 4 did a lot of plant reproduction Monday since lab is not until Wednesday.
Ovaries make eggs at flower base

6. Seed to fruit… the next generation!
Seed’s energy comes from stored starches
It knows which way to grow = TROPISMS
Photosynthesis picks up once above ground

7. Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male
It takes 64 days from start to finish for a single sperm cell to develop. The testes create millions of sperm every day, so there are always sperm at different developmental stages in the testes, ensuring a constant production. After the sperm are created they take up to a couple of weeks to a month to move through the ducts and epididymis before ejaculation.
Testes produce hormones and create sperm

8. Human Spermatogenesis
Starts at puberty (~11-15)
Testes produce sperm and testosterone, (hormone responsible for male characteristics)
Millions made daily!
Quantity over quality
ALL 4 HAPLOID GAMETES SURVIVE

9. 2) Fertilization occurs (= zygote)
3) Implantation; placenta attaches here
1) Releases egg & hormones
Egg release in human female image.

10. Human Oogenesis Primary eggs made while in womb!
4 Hormones prepare for fertilization
 Ovaries make hormones
develop nutrient-rich uterus lining
Ovulation releases mature egg
If no fertilization, lining dissolves (menstruation/”period”)
Can get pregnant 5 days around ovulation!
Sperm live 5 days inside womans body
Eggs only viable for 1 day

12. Fertilization = merging of 2 complete sets of DNA
What organelle will sperm require a ton of since they have to swim a lot?

13. Ovary  Fallopian Tube  Uterus

14. Figure 46.18 Mommas belly growing Cool Sonogram Fetal movie 4 min baby moving kicking in belly

15. Embryo  Fetus
Time lapse birth to 12 years – cool!
“The embryo is defined as the developing pregnancy from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation, when it becomes known as a fetus,” says James A. O’Brien, MD, ob-gyn, medical director of inpatient obstetrics at Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island.
During the embryonic period, cells begin to take on different functions. The brain, heart, lungs, internal organs, and arms and legs begin to form. Once baby is a fetus, it’s more about growth and development to prep for life on the outside

16. Identical Twins (monozygotic)

17. Fraternal twins (dizygotic)
2 eggs released at same time
Both fertilized with sperm
Not identical babies!

18. Conjoined Twins

19. Pregnancy Woman ovulates  sex (~6 day window!)
Fertilization: sperm(n) & egg(n) DNA unite
Diploid zygote divides  2  4  8 cells, etc
Ball of stem cells implants itself into uterine lining
Embryo: Heart beats, brain forms
Fetus obtains nutrients through placenta & umbilical cord (11 weeks  birth)
Uterus contracts… baby is born… more contractions… placenta is released

20. Delivery is initiated by hormone spikes: a positive feedback loop

21. How do other organisms reproduce?

22. C. elegans roundworms
Hermaphrodites (XX) and males (XO)

23. Gymnosperm reproduction
Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones. The characteristics that differentiate angiosperms from gymnosperms include flowers, fruits, and endosperm in the seeds.
Gymno = uncovered
Angio = covered

24. Frog Reproduction
At the breeding site, the male mounts the female and grips her tightly round the body. Typically, amplexus takes place in the water, the female releases her eggs and the male covers them with sperm; fertilization is external. In many species such as the Great Plains toad (Bufo cognatus), the male restrains the eggs with his back feet, holding them in place for about three minutes.[103] Members of the West African genus Nimbaphrynoides are unique among frogs in that they are viviparous; members of the Tanzanian genus Nectophrynoides are the only frogs known to be ovoviviparous. In both cases, fertilization is internal and females give birth to fully developed juvenile frogs.[106][107]