1. Replication of DNA

2. The process of making a copy of DNA is called DNA REPLICATION.
Why does DNA need to be copied???
DNA contains all the information required for the function of a cell and the organisms.

3. A always pairs with T G always pairs with C
Remember the base pair rule:
A always pairs with T
G always pairs with C
This pairing allows DNA to act as a template (a guide or pattern) for its own replication.

4. Summary of dna replication
Do not copy

5. DNA replication occurs in 4 stages:
“Unzipping” of DNA helix
Priming of DNA
Addition of nucleotides to the exposed nitrogen bases.
Proofreading
ENZYMES play a major role in DNA replication

6. 1. “Unzipping” of DNA strands
DNA replication occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, before a cell divides.
a)The double helix unwinds with the help of DNA HELICASES. These enzymes break the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs at multiple locations simultaneously.
helicase

7. b. Once the two strands are separated, additional proteins hold them apart preventing them from rewinding. The areas where the double helix separates are called replication forks because of their Y shape.

8. 2. Priming of Dna
The exposed bases have to be “primed” (prepared) to accept new nucleotides. This is done with the help of PRIMASE:
short molecules called primers attach to the exposed bases and serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

9. 3. Addition of nucleotides
Once the helix is unwound and primed an enzyme called DNA POLYMERASE moves along each strand of DNA adding free-floating nucleotides to the exposed bases, according to the base-pairing rules.
HOWEVER NOTHING IS AS SIMPLE AS IT SEEMS!!

10. Remember the numbering of the sugar molecules in DNA:
One strand of nucleotides will be pointing with the 5’ end at the top while the other strand will be going in the opposite direction. C 2’ 1’ 3’ 4’ O 5’ P
Nitrogen Base
DRAW THIS! P O C 2’ 1’ 3’ 4’ 5’
Nitrogen Base

11. Addition of nucleotides cont.
DNA polymerase can only synthesize a new strand of DNA in a 5’ 3’ direction.

12. Since replication can only proceed from a 5’ to the 3’ direction of the new molecule, the contiguous (LEADING) strand nucleotides are inserted in a smooth continuous manner.

13. 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ Leading Strand: 5’ 3’
DNA Polymerase adds NEW nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ direction (3’ end of OLD strand) 5’ 3’

14. The strand that is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction is known as the lagging strand because nucleotides are added in small segments called “Okazaki” fragments.
DNA polymerase is large & gets crowded because it starts close to helicase & primer enzymes at junction of fork – crowded area causes DNA polymerase to keep falling off
These fragments are eventually joined by an enzyme called “ligase” into one long strand.

15. 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ Lagging Strand: 5’ 3’
DNA Polymerase adds NEW nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ direction (3’ end of OLD strand) but falls off multiple times 5’ 3’

16. DNA Replication Steps

19. All together now …

22. Do not copy
The human DNA is up to 80 million base pairs long. As a result DNA is”unzipped” at multiple places along its length and DNA replication steps are carried out simultaneously at many places. Fact File: The human DNA is copied at about 50 base pairs per second. The multiple location of DNA replication process takes about 1 hour to complete. If this were not the case, then it would take about a month to finish replicating the entire DNA strand!

23. 4. proofreading
DNA replication is not complete until several enzymes including DNA polymerase have proofread the nucleotides being added to the strand. If they are not found to be complementary they are removed by nuclease and the correct ones are added.

24. DNA replication is considered “semi-conservative” since ½ of the original strand is preserved in each new double helix.

25. Primase adds short segments of bases (5-10) to 5’ ends of new strand.
Memorize
Step Name
Enzyme(s) Used
Process
Unzipping
DNA helicase
Helicase unwinds DNA at replication forks by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases.
2. Priming
RNA primase
Primase adds short segments of bases (5-10) to 5’ ends of new strand.
3. Adding nucleotides
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
Polymerase adds bases to 5’ ends of new strand called leading strand. Inside 5” strand called lagging strand. Lagging strand forces polymerase in crowded area making it fall off at many points. Forms Okazaki fragments. Ligase adds bases to join Okazaki fragments.
4. Proofreading
Nuclease
Polymerase makes sure correct bases are added. If incorrect, nuclease removes them and DNA pol adds correct ones.