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Energy from Fuels To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure.

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Presentation on theme: "Energy from Fuels To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure."— Presentation transcript:

1 Energy from Fuels To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule,

2 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, TermDefinition Exothermic Endothermic Combustion Joule Kilojoule Calorie Mole Relative molecular mass

3 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) TermDefinition ExothermicA reaction that GIVES OUT energy to the surroundings EndothermicA reaction that TAKES IN energy from the surroundings. CombustionWhere a substance burns in oxygen. JouleThe unit of energy Kilojoule1000J CalorieThe amount of energy needed to raise 1kg by 1C MoleThe amount of substance in the relative atomic/formula mass of a substance in grams Relative molecular mass The total of the relative atomic masses, added up in the ration shown in the chemical formula, for a substance. Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule,

4 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) TermDefinition ExothermicA reaction that GIVES OUT energy to the surroundings EndothermicA reaction that TAKES IN energy from the surroundings. CombustionWhere a substance burns in oxygen. JouleThe unit of energy Kilojoule1000J CalorieThe amount of energy needed to raise 1kg by 1C MoleThe amount of substance in the relative atomic/formula mass of a substance in grams Relative molecular mass The total of the relative atomic masses, added up in the ration shown in the chemical formula, for a substance. Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule,

5 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Calorimeter allows you to compare energy (metal can with water in it). Equation: Q = mc∆T Q = Energy released m = Mass of water heated (1cm 3 = 1g) c = Specific heat capacity (Energy needed to raise 1g by 1C) ∆T = Change in temperature For water its specific heat capacity (c) is 4.2J/gC Per Mole: Q x Molecular Mass Mass of fuel burnt

6 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Example: A + B  C 60cm 3 of A contains 0.1 moles. 40cm 3 of B contains 0.1 moles. Temperature at start: 20.0C Temperature at end: 26.5C Q = mc∆T m = 60g + 40g = 100g c = 4.2 J/gC ∆T = 6.5C Q = 273000 or 2.73kJ This is for 0.1 moles. So for 1 Mole = 10 x 2.73 = 27.3J This is exothermic

7 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Question on p219 – Summary Q2. Question on p221 – Summary Q2.

8 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Exothermic or Endothermic? Exothermic: Energy released to environment. Endothermic: Energy supplied by the environment. A + B C C A + B  C A + B – These are the REACTANTS C – This is the product Energy released and surrounding increase in temperature. Energy gained and surrounding decrease in temperature.

9 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Questions on p223 – Summary Q2 and Q3.

10 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Activation Energy? What is it? The minimum amount of energy needed for a collision between to chemicals to result in a reaction. What do enzymes do? They provide an alternative route to make the products and REDUCE the activation energy needed. A + B C Enzymes lower the activation energy.

11 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Chemical Reactions: For a chemical reaction to take place there needs to be BONDS BEING BROKEN and BONDS BEING FORMED. To break a bond = ENERGY NEEDS TO BE SUPPLIED. To form a bond = ENERGY IS GIVEN OUT. Example: H 2 + O 2  H 2 O is this balanced? 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O

12 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O Reactants  Products Symbols 2H 2 O2O2 2H 2 O BondsH-H0=0H-O, H-O Number of Bonds 2 x H-H1 x O=O4 x H-O

13 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O This reaction is exothermic and so releases energy. This is a reaction (hydrogen being oxidised) that could be an alternative to petrol in cars. AdvantagesDisadvantages No pollutantsHydrogen is explosive and so difficult to store. Not add to global warmingHydrogen is produced via electrolysis and so needed energy, released from fossil fuels. Can be carried out by Fuel Cells in cars (Hydrogen is oxidised)

14 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, More on Bonds and Reactions Bond BreakingBond FormingType of Reaction Less energy neededMore energy neededExothermic More energy neededLess energy neededEndothermic

15 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, More on Bonds and Reactions BondBond Energy (kJ/mol) BondBond Energy (kJ/mol) C-C347H-Cl432 C-O358H-O464 C-H413H-N391 C-N286H-H436 C-Cl346O=O498 Cl-Cl243N≡N945

16 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 Reactants  Products Symbols Bonds Number of Bonds Bond Energy Total

17 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 Reactants  Products Symbols N2N2 3H 2 2NH 3 Bonds Number of Bonds Bond Energy Total

18 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 Reactants  Products Symbols N2N2 3H 2 2NH 3 BondsN-NH-HN-H, N-H, N-H Number of Bonds Bond Energy Total

19 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 Reactants  Products Symbols N2N2 3H 2 2NH 3 BondsN-NH-HN-H, N-H, N-H Number of Bonds 1 x N≡N3 x H-H6 x N-H Bond Energy Total

20 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 ReactantsProducts Symbols N2N2 3H 2 2NH 3 BondsN-NH-HN-H, N-H, N-H Number of Bonds 1 x N≡N3 x H-H6 x N-H Bond Energy9453 x 4366 x 391 Total

21 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 Reactants  Products Symbols N2N2 3H 2 2NH 3 BondsN-NH-HN-H, N-H, N-H Number of Bonds 1 x N≡N3 x H-H6 x N-H Bond Energy9453 x 4366 x 391 Total= 2253= 2346

22 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, What happens in: N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 Reactants  Products Symbols N2N2 3H 2 2NH 3 BondsN-NH-HN-H, N-H, N-H Number of Bonds 1 x N≡N3 x H-H6 x N-H Bond Energy9453 x 4366 x 391 Total= 2253= 2346 This is an EXOTHERMIC reaction as more energy released on forming (+96 kJ/Mol) than needed to break the bonds.

23 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Questions: Write balanced symbol equations and calculate the energy changes for the following chemical reactions: a.Hydrogen + chlorine  hydrogen chloride b.Hydrogen + oxygen  water

24 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, More on Bonds and Reactions BondBond Energy (kJ/mol) BondBond Energy (kJ/mol) C-C347H-Cl432 C-O358H-O464 C-H413H-N391 C-N286H-H436 C-Cl346O=O498 Cl-Cl243N≡N945

25 To know how energy from fuels can be measured. (Grade C) To calculate the energy content of a fuel. (Grade B) To explain how to measure energy changes in solution. (Grade A) Keywords: Fuel, Combustion, Exothermic, Endothermic, Joule, Kilojoule, Questions: Write balanced symbol equations and calculate the energy changes for the following chemical reactions: a.Hydrogen + chlorine  hydrogen chloride ----- H 2 + Cl 2  HCl (185kJ/mol released) b.Hydrogen + oxygen  water ------ 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O (486kJ/mol released)

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