1. 7/8 World History Week 4 The Paleolithic & Neolithic Revolutions

2. Monday Do Now What is the advantage of being smarter as a species? Objectives Understand how the Paleolithic Revolution changed the way that humans lived.

3. Key Terms TermDefinitionSentence Paleolithic RevolutionA sudden burst of creativity and complexity among humans living in Europe and the Middle East about 40,000 years ago During the Paleolithic Revolution, humans created the first paintings and sculptures. Hunter-gathererA lifestyle where humans get their food from hunting animals and gathering wild fruits and plants. There are still a small number of hunter-gatherer societies today, but they are quickly disappearing. EgalitarianWhen the people in a culture are mostly equal to each other. In an egalitarian society, there are no rich or poor people. Everyone has about the same amount of everything.

4. The Paleolithic Revolution The first evidence of modern Homo sapiens appeared around 250,000 years ago in East Africa. There is evidence that by about 40,000 years ago, humans had moved into new areas on different continents. But in that time, humans did not seem to change very much. They used pretty much the same basic stone tools, but didn't seem to create much else. But then, around 40,000 years ago, there is a sudden burst of variety and creativity in the archaeological record (artifacts), particularly in Europe. For the first time, there is evidence of all sorts of new activities, including art, jewelry, burial rituals, tools made out of animal bones, tools for fishing, and large, permanent fireplaces made out of stone.

10. No one knows for sure why all of these changes happened so suddenly, but there are some ideas. For example: 1.Language: Some think that this is when humans finally developed modern speech and languages, allowing for complex interactions between groups of people. 2.Population Density: Some think that it was because MANY humans were living in SMALLER spaces for the first time, and this allowed humans to share ideas and trade knowledge more easily. Once the Paleolithic Revolution happened, the complexity stayed, and humans living in different areas began to develop slightly different styles of tools and art, which had never happened before. Why the sudden change?

11. Hunter-Gatherers Both before and after the Paleolithic Revolution, all humans were hunter-gatherers. This means that humans got all of their food from nature, by hunting animals and gathering wild fruits and plants. Because men had larger bodies and more muscles, they tended to be the hunters, while women cared for children and gathered fruit and plants to eat. In a hunter-gatherer group, everyone worked hard and had a job to do, which meant that everyone was very equal with each other. This egalitarian way of life meant that people made decisions together and shared what they had.

12. Because they had no control over their food supply, hunter-gatherers always had to move from place to place with the seasons, following the animals and plants as they became ripe. This constant movement meant that hunter-gatherers had very few personal possessions because possessions were hard to move around. Also, the possessions they did have (like clothes, tools, etc.) were very simple, so they didn't take long to make, and were easy to replace. Having few, easy-to-make possessions also helped keep everyone in the group equal. People shared a lot because no one had anything more, or nicer, than anyone else.

13. Exit Ticket Why did hunter-gatherers have more egalitarian lifestyles? Homework Hunter-Gatherer Article and Questions

14. Tuesday Do Now What are some disadvantages to living in a hunter-gatherer society? Objectives Understand how the Neolithic Revolution changed how humans lived.

15. Hunter-Gatherer/Agriculture Article Reading Quiz 1. 2. 3.

16. Paleolithic Revolution sudden appearance of complex tools and art in human societies around 40,000 years ago centered in Europe and the Middle East Hunter-gatherers hunting animals, gathering wild fruits and plants constantly moving to find more food very few personal possessions egalitarian society (no one is rich or poor compared to each other)

17. Key Terms TermDefinitionSentence Neolithic RevolutionThe gradual change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a settled lifestyle in towns that happened around the world from about 12,000 to 7,000 years ago. The Neolithic Revolution helped create the lifestyle we know today, living in cities with a steady food supply. AgricultureThe technical term for farming; the practice of purposefully growing certain plants for food in order to have a steady food supply throughout the year. Until about 150 years ago, most people in the world still practiced agriculture, farming their own food. PastoralismThe practice of raising animals to eat for food. Pastoralists usually have to move their herds of animals from place to place every year to find them food.

18. The Neolithic Revolution For tens of thousands of years after the Paleolithic Revolution, humans continued to live a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. But that began to change about 12,000 years ago. Around that time, people around the world began to practice agriculture instead of constantly hunting for animals and plants. Agriculture was a very different kind of lifestyle because it allowed humans to pick which plants they wanted to grow, where to plant them, and how many to plant. Humans had never had that kind of control over what food they ate. At first, most humans lived a combination of both lifestyles, growing plants in the spring and summer, and hunting and gathering in the fall and winter, when the weather wasn't as good. As humans became better at farming, they were able to grow enough food during the spring and summer to last them all year.

19. No one knows who first came up with the idea of agriculture. The earliest evidence for it is from the Middle East about 12,000 years ago. The next place it appeared was Europe, but that was probably directly brought there by people searching for new land to farm. It seems to have developed on its own in different parts of the world over the next few thousand years, in places as far apart as China and Central America.

20. One of the major consequences of the change to agriculture was that people no longer had to move around all the time. They could stay in one place where the soil was good for farming. This meant that people started to invest more time and energy in making permanent buildings, made out of wood and clay, instead of huts made out of branches. Some people were also better than others at farming, or had better land, which meant that people were no longer equal to each other. A bad, or unlucky, farmer could end up starving, while his neighbor might have more than enough food for his large family for the winter. Over time, this meant that agricultural societies were no longer egalitarian like hunter- gatherers. Successful farmers could gather up extra food, which they could trade to build a nicer home, or farm even more land.

21. As more and more people started to practice agriculture in an area, eventually people started to live in small villages. Individual families would build their houses near each other, and would walk out into the surrounding fields to farm. Since each farmer could grow enough food for his family, and have enough food left over for others, some people were able to stop farming and specialize in other jobs. They would trade their skills or products for the farmers’ extra food. FOR EXAMPLE: Someone who was especially good at making farm tools might make a deal with some of the farmers in his area: in exchange for making them new tools whenever they needed, each farmer would pay him a small amount of food, which was enough for him and his family to live off of. If he was successful enough, he might even build a small shop to work in separate from his home. In this way, human life started to become more complex, and small cities began to form.

22. It seems that whenever people developed the idea of agriculture, they also developed the idea of keeping animals around for food too. Instead of just chasing and hunting animals in the wild, people picked slower animals (like pigs, cows, and chickens) to capture and keep for food, either in the form of their meat, or from their milk and eggs. Some animals were domesticated (made tame or calm, like a pet) in order to help humans work, such as horses to ride and help farm, dogs to help hunt, and cats to catch mice.

23. Pastoralism Some people took the practice of raising domesticated animals to the extreme, in a lifestyle known as pastoralism. Instead of settling down in one place to farm plants, they raised large herds of animals for their meat and milk. Like hunter-gatherers, pastoralists also had to move frequently in order to find food and water for their herds of animals. But the pastoralist lifestyle meant that people didn't need to go to the trouble of hunting wild animals to eat, they just picked an animal out of the herd whenever they needed to.

24. Exit Ticket How did the move toward agriculture help make societies more complex? Homework Agriculture article

25. Block Day Do Now Which would you rather live in? An egalitarian hunter-gatherer society, or an agricultural society with hierarchy (a big difference between rich and poor)? Why? Objectives Understand what it’s like to depend on small scale agriculture.

26. Agriculture Article Reading Quiz 1. 2. 3.

27. Human Subsistence Patterns Hunter-gatherer hunting animals, gathering wild fruits and plants constantly moving to find more food very few personal possessions egalitarian society (no one is rich or poor compared to each other) Agriculture choosing plants to grow for food allowed people to stay in one place to farm could start keeping more possessions no longer egalitarian because some people had better land or were better farmers Pastoralist raising large herds of animals for food still had to move around to find food and water for the animals no longer needed to hunt to find meat no longer egalitarian because people had smaller or larger herds

28. Exit Ticket How was having an agricultural society difficult? What was the most frustrating about farming?