1. Chapter 17
Health, Wellness,
and Illness
Dr. Wajed Hatamleh

2. Learning Outcomes
Identify influences on clients’ definitions of health, wellness, and well-being.
Describe five components of wellness.
Compare the various models of health outlined in this chapter.
Identify variables affecting health status, beliefs, and practices.

3. Learning Outcomes (cont'd)
Describe factors affecting health care adherence.
Differentiate illness from disease and acute illness from chronic illness.
Identify Parsons’ four aspects of the sick role.
Explain Suchman’s stages of illness.

4. Learning Outcomes
Describe the effects of illness on individuals’ and family members’ roles and functions.

5. Health, Wellness, Wellbeing
Many definitions and interpretations
Be familiar with most common aspects of the concepts
Consider how they may be individualized with specific clients

6. Health Presence or absence of disease
Complete physical, mental, social well-being
Ability to maintain normal roles
Developmental and behavioral potential is realized to the fullest extent possible
Striving toward optimal functioning
Individual perception

7. Wellness State of well-being Basic aspects include 5 components:
Self-responsibility
An ultimate goal
A dynamic, growing process
Daily decision-making in areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health
Whole being of the individual

8. Figure 17-2 The seven components of wellness
Figure The seven components of wellness. From Wellness: Concepts and Applications, 7th ed. (p. 4), by D. J. Anspaugh, M. H. Hamrick, and F. D. Rosato, 2009, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Reprinted with permission. 8

9. Physical Ability to carry out daily tasks Achieve fitness
Maintain nutrition
Avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or smoking
Practice positive lifestyle habits

10. Divide the students into groups and assign each a component of wellness.
Ask the students to provide examples of wellness behavior in each component.

11. Social Interact successfully Develop and maintain intimacy
Develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs

12. Emotional
Ability to manage stress
Ability to express emotion

13. Intellectual Ability to learn Ability to use information effectively
Striving for continued growth
Learning to deal with new challenges

14. Spiritual Belief in some force that serves to unite
Provide meaning and purpose to life
Person’s own morals, values and ethics

15. Occupational
Ability to achieve balance between work and leisure

16. Environmental Ability to promote health measure that improves
Standard of living
Quality of life
Influences such as food, water, and air

17. Well-being Subjective perception of vitality and feeling well
Described objectively, experienced, measured
Can be plotted on a continuum

18. Health-Illness Continuum
Measure person’s perceived level of wellness
Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health continuum

19. Health-Illness Continuum (cont'd)
Move back and forth within this continuum day by day
How people perceive themselves and how others see them will affect where their placement on the continuum

20. Variables Influencing Health Status, Beliefs, and Practices
Internal variables
External variables

21. Variables Influencing Health Status, Beliefs, and Practices
These factors may or may not be under conscious control.
People can usually control their health behaviors and can choose healthy or unhealthy activities.
In contrast, people have little or no choices over their genetic makeup, age, gender, culture, and sometimes their geographical environments

22. Internal Variables Biologic dimension Psychologic dimension
genetic makeup, gender, age, and developmental level
Psychologic dimension
mind-body interactions and self-concept
Cognitive dimension
lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs

23. External Variables Physical environment Standards of living
Family and cultural beliefs
Social support networks

24. Health Belief Models
Developed to help determine whether an individual is likely to participate in disease prevention and health promotion activities

25. Health Belief Models (cont'd)
Rosenstock’s and Becker’s Health Belief Models
Individual’s perception
Modifying factors
Likelihood of action

26. Health Care Adherence Client motivation Degree of lifestyle change
Perceived severity of health care problem
Value placed on reducing the threat of illness
Ability to understand and perform specific behaviors

27. Health Care Adherence (cont'd)
Degree of inconvenience of the illness itself or of the regimens
Beliefs that the prescribed therapy or regimen will or will not help

28. Health Care Adherence
Complexity, side effects, and duration of the proposed therapy
Cultural heritage, beliefs, or practices that support or conflict with the regimen
Degree of satisfaction and quality and type of relationship with the health care providers
Overall cost of therapy

29. Illness A highly personal state
Person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished
Not synonymous with disease
May or may not be related to disease
Only person can say he or she is ill

30. Disease Alteration in body function
A reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span
Causation of disease is called etiology

31. Acute Illness Characterized by symptoms of relatively short duration
Symptoms often appear abruptly, subside quickly
May or may not require intervention by health care professionals
Most people return to normal level of wellness

32. Chronic Illness
Lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or longer
Usually has a slow onset
Often have periods of remissions, when the symptoms disappear and exacerbations, when the symptoms reappear

33. Chronic Illness (cont'd)
Care includes promoting independence, sense of control, and wellness
Learn how to live with physical limitations and discomfort

34. Parson’s Four Aspects of the Sick Role
Rights
Clients are not held responsible for their condition
Clients are excused from certain social roles and tasks

35. Parson’s Four Aspects of the Sick Role (cont'd)
Obligations
Clients are obligated to try to get well as quickly as possible
Clients or their families are obligated to seek competent help

36. Suchman’s Stages of Illness
Stage 1: Symptom experience
Believe something is wrong
Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role
Accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation
Stage 3: Medical care contact
Seeks advice of a health professional

37. Suchman’s Stages of Illness (cont'd)
Stage 4: Dependent client role
Becomes dependent on the professional for help
Stage 5: Recovery or rehabilitation
Relinquish the dependent role
Resume former roles and responsibilities

38. Effects of Illness Impact on the Client
Behavioral and emotional changes
Self-concept and body image changes
Lifestyle changes

39. Effects of Illness (cont'd)
On the Family
Depends on:
Member of the family who is ill
Seriousness and length of the illness
Cultural and social customs the family follows

40. Impact on the Family Role changes Task reassignments
Increased demands on time
Increased stress due to anxiety about outcomes
Conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities
Financial problems

41. Impact on the Family (cont'd)
Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss
Change in social customs